Mechanical Power and Muscle Action during Forward and Backward Running

Flynn, Timothy W.; Soutas-Little, Robert W.

doi:10.2519/jospt.1993.17.2.108

Cited by 88 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…(1) Novel tasks may require a larger number of motor units to be recruited, which results in increased energy utilization. 13 Although BW is often used for short periods during daily activities, it may be considered a novel task when performed continuously on a treadmill for an extended time. (2) Alteration of stride length and frequency may be a likely reason for increased cardiovascular and metabolic costs, as stride length is shorter during BW as compared to FW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This merits investigation because, with increased treadmill grade, more knee flexion and less knee stress could occur while providing strengthening. 7,13 The purpose of the present study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of FW versus BW on HR and VO 2 at treadmill grades of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% at a speed of 67.0 m/min (2.5 mph). A unique aspect of this study is the inclusion of a 10% treadmill grade, which is higher than the grades used in published studies to date.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

Hooper¹,

Dunn²,

Props³

et al. 2004

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: Single-group repeated-measures design. Objectives: To compare the effects of forward walking (FW) and backward walking (BW) on heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) at treadmill grades of 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Background: Previous studies of locomotion by humans on a treadmill have reported larger cardiovascular exertion and potential biomechanical benefits of BW as compared to FW for treadmill grades ranging from 0% to 5%. The present study extends these findings by examining the cardiovascular effects of BW and FW at treadmill grades greater than 5%. Methods and Measures: Twenty-nine volunteers participated in this study. Two subjects were excluded, leaving 27 study subjects (15 females, 12 males; mean age ± SD, 24.0 ± 3.4 years). VO 2 and HR were measured using open-circuit calorimetry and electrocardiogram, respectively. For both forward and backward walking, subjects performed each of the 3 grades for 6 minutes, during which HR and VO 2 were measured. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were employed for inferential statistical analysis. Results: Percent maximum heart rate (HR max ) and percent maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) increased incrementally for treadmill grades of 5% to 7.5% to 10% for both FW and BW (PϽ.00001). For each of the 3 treadmill grades, percent HR max and percent VO 2max was 17% to 20% higher for BW than for FW (PϽ.00001). No statistically significant interactions were detected between direction of walking and treadmill grade. Conclusions: Backward walking on a treadmill at 67.0 m/min (2.5 mph) and grades of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% elicits a greater percent HR max and percent VO 2max than does forward walking under the same conditions and, if incorporated into sustained training regimens, would be expected to improve aerobic endurance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;34:65-71.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

Hooper¹,

Dunn²,

Props³

et al. 2004

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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show abstract

“…In order to substantiate this anecdotal evidence biomechanical aspects have been investigated aimed at measuring the differences between forward and backward running in the kinematics of body segments (Bates et al, 1986;Devita and Stribling, 1991), the ground reaction force and impulse (Threlkeld et al, 1989;Devita and Stribling, 1991), the energy expenditure (Flynn et al, 1994;Wright and Weyand, 2001), the lower limb joint moments of force and joint muscle powers (Devita and Stribling, 1991;Flynn and Soutas-Little, 1993) and the changes in foot-ground contact time (stance time) as a function of speed (Wright and Weyand, 2001). A common observation in all these studies is that the step frequency and the energy expenditure are greater in backward running than in forward running.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of the rebound of the body in backward human running

Cavagna

Legramandi

Torre

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYStep frequency and energy expenditure are greater in backward running than in forward running. The differences in the motion of the centre of mass of the body associated with these findings are not known. These differences were measured here on nine trained subjects during backward and forward running steps on a force platform at 3-17kmh -1. In contrast to previous reports, we found that the maximal upward acceleration of the centre of mass and the aerial phase, averaged over the whole speed range, are greater in backward running than in forward running (15.7 versus 13.2ms -2 , P1.9ϫ10 -6 and 0.098 versus 0.072s, P2.4ϫ10, respectively). Opposite to forward running, the impulse on the ground is directed more vertically during the push at the end of stance than during the brake at the beginning of stance. The higher step frequency in backward running is explained by a greater mass-specific vertical stiffness of the bouncing system (499 versus 352s -2 , P2.3ϫ10) resulting in a shorter duration of the lower part of the vertical oscillation of the centre of mass when the force is greater than body weight, with a similar duration of the upper part when the force is lower than body weight. As in a catapult, muscle-tendon units are stretched more slowly during the brake at the beginning of stance and shorten more rapidly during the push at the end of stance. We suggest that the catapultlike mechanism of backward running, although requiring greater energy expenditure and not providing a smoother ride, may allow a safer stretch-shorten cycle of muscle-tendon units.

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“…Walking backwards on the ground can minimize stress applied to the knee joint due to the eccentric contraction of the knee joint during the deceleration period and increase the muscle strength by the isometric and afferent contraction of the knee joint during the support phase [28]. In the beginning of the backward gait training, an increase in hip and knee joint flexion and extension proprioception has been observed as well as an increase in muscle activity, which has been reported to have a positive effect on the improvement of muscle strength compared with forward gait [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of backward walking training using an underwater treadmill on muscle strength, proprioception and gait ability in persons with stroke

Kum

Shin

2017

PTRS

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of backward treadmill gait training between underwater and ground environments on strength, proprioception, and walking ability in persons with stroke. Design: Randomized control trial. Methods: Twenty eight subjects participated in the study in which they were randomly assigned to either the underwater backward treadmill training (UBTT) group (n=13) or the BTT group (n=15). In both groups, forward gait training was performed for 20 minutes on the ground treadmill. The UBTT group performed backward gait on an underwater treadmill for 20 minutes while the BTT group performed backward gait on a ground treadmill for 20 minutes. The gait training in each group was performed twice a week for a total of six weeks. Muscle strength, proprioception, and gait ability was assessed using a digital power meter, joint angle recurrence method using the smartphone protractor application, the Figure-of-Eight walk test (F8W) and the functional gait assessment (FGA) respectively. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement in strength, F8W and FGA scores after training (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Both groups showed significant improvement in proprioception after training (p<0.05). In the comparison between the two groups, there was a greater significant change in the UBTT group for joint proprioception (p<0.05). Conclusions: In this study, it was found that both backward treadmill gait training programs were effective on strength, proprioception, and gait ability, and that underwater training was particularly effective on proprioception compared to ground training.

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Mechanical Power and Muscle Action during Forward and Backward Running

Cited by 88 publications

References 7 publications

The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

An analysis of the rebound of the body in backward human running

Effect of backward walking training using an underwater treadmill on muscle strength, proprioception and gait ability in persons with stroke

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