“…Furthermore, the long-standing expectation of surgery during childhood and adolescence will worsen patients’ physical, social, and psychological health. In order to avoid surgical operations and the consequences associated with such treatments, a large amount of effort has been dedicated to developing growth modification appliances for skeletal class II and III malocclusion correction, especially those that can be delivered around the puberty stage to achieve the normal dentition without surgery [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Unfortunately, despite the tremendous efforts that have been devoted to developing a diversity of treatment technologies [ 11 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], dental care providers are not yet able to predict whether an orthodontic functional appliance will successfully correct a patient’s skeletal discrepancy or if that patient will not respond to early orthopedic correction and require surgery to properly rectify their malocclusion later.…”