Stability limits of graphite intercalation compounds in the systems graphite-HNO3(H2SO4)-H2O-KMnO4

Сорокина, Н. Е.; Шорникова, О. Н.; Авдеев, В. В.

doi:10.1134/s0020168507080031

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…18,19 Industrial-scale synthesis of expandable graphite can be performed via liquid-phase graphite-sulfuric acid reactions in the presence of strong chemical oxidants such as potassium permanganate, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. 20,21 A key property of expandable graphite is its tendency to exfoliate when it is exposed to high temperatures. According to Chung, 22 the origin of this process lies in the vaporization of the intercalated guest ions, forming a gas that causes the flakes to rapidly expand in a worm-like manner and to occupy a larger volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of expandable and expanded graphites on the thermo-mechanical properties of polyamide 11

Oulmou

Benhamida

Dorigato

et al. 2018

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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The preparation and thermo-mechanical characterization of composites based on polyamide 11 (PA11) filled with various amounts of both expandable and expanded graphites are presented. Investigation conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and surface area analyses indicated how graphite expanded under the selected processing conditions. The XRD analysis on PA11/graphite composites revealed no change in the crystal form of the PA11, while the presence of diffraction peaks associated to the graphite-stacked lamellae can be still detected. All the investigated composites showed an improvement of the thermal stability and mechanical properties (elastic and storage moduli).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of expandable and expanded graphites on the thermo-mechanical properties of polyamide 11

Oulmou

Benhamida

Dorigato

et al. 2018

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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“…Commercially expandable graphite is made via liquid-phase graphite -sulfuric acid reactions in the presence of strong chemical oxidants such as KMnO 4 , HNO 3 and H 2 O 2 [7,9,10]. A key property of expandable graphite is its tendency to exfoliate when heated to high temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible PVC flame retarded with expandable graphite

Focke

Muiambo

Mhike

et al. 2014

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…Hennig [13] suggested that the composition of the degraded residue can be approximated by [14]. At this scale it is, in effect, produced in a similar fashion to graphite oxide.…”

Section: Graphite Intercalation Compounds (Gics) Possess Guest Molecumentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of commercial expandable graphite fire retardants

et al. 2014

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Thermal analysis and other techniques were employed to characterize two expandable graphite samples. The expansion onset temperatures of the expandable graphite's were ca.220°C and 300°C respectively. The key finding is that the commercial products are not just pure graphite intercalation compounds with sulfuric acid species intercalated as guest ions and molecules in between intact graphene layers. A more realistic model is proposed where graphite oxide-like layers are also randomly interstratified in the graphite flakes. These graphite oxide-like layers comprise highly oxidized graphene sheets which contain many different oxygen-containing functional groups. This model explains the high oxygen to sulfur atomic ratios found in both elemental analysis of the neat materials and in the gas generated during the main exfoliation event.

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Stability limits of graphite intercalation compounds in the systems graphite-HNO3(H2SO4)-H2O-KMnO4

Cited by 22 publications

References 6 publications

Effect of expandable and expanded graphites on the thermo-mechanical properties of polyamide 11

Effect of expandable and expanded graphites on the thermo-mechanical properties of polyamide 11

Flexible PVC flame retarded with expandable graphite

Characterization of commercial expandable graphite fire retardants

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