The reaction of graphite with sulfuric acid in the presence of KMnO 4 (oxidant : graphite ratio 0.02730.55) involves consecutive and concurrent reactions : graphite intercalation and direct oxidation of the carbon matrix. The properties of graphite bisulfate and its reaction products are determined by the stage number of the intercalation compound; the decomposition enthalpies of the stage I3IV graphite bisulfate correlate with the enthalpies of graphite intercalation with sulfuric acid.
The problems of synthesis and study of the physicochemical properties of graphite interca lation compounds (GIC) formed upon insertion of various molecules into the interplanar space of graphite are considered. Binary and ternary intercalation compounds with protonic acids (HNO 3 , CH 3 COOH, H 3 PO 4 , H 2 SO 4 , etc.) are described. The results of systematic research into graphite intercalation by potentiometry, calorimetry, powder X ray diffraction, conduc tivity measurements, DTA, chemical analysis, and other methods are given. These results underlie elucidation of the characteristic and peculiar features of acid insertion into graphite. The physicochemical properties and practical applications of GIC and low density carbon materials are analyzed.
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