Spontaneous Decrease in Portal Pressure with Clinical Improvement in Cirrhosis

Reynolds, Telfer B.; Geller, Herman M.; Kuzma, Oliver T.; Redeker, A G

doi:10.1056/nejm196010132631505

Cited by 89 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In a prospective study, abstinence has been shown to normalize portal pressure in some, but not in all, patients. 27 Ascites may resolve or become more responsive to medical therapy during this time. Non-alcoholic liver diseases are less reversible, and by the time ascites is present, these patients may be better candidates for liver transplantation than for protracted medical therapy.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis†

Runyon¹

1998

Hepatology

302

131

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Ascites is the most common of the major complications of cirrhosis. The development of ascites is an important landmark in the natural history of cirrhosis and has been proposed as an indication for liver transplantation. The initial evaluation of a patient with ascites should include a history, physical evaluation, and abdominal paracentesis with ascitic fluid analysis. Treatment should consist of abstinence from alcohol, sodium restricted diet, and diuretics. This regimen is effective in Ϸ90% of patients. The treatment options for the diuretic-resistant patients include serial therapeutic paracenteses, liver transplantation, and peritoneovenous shunting. (HEPATOLOGY 1998;27;264-272.) PREAMBLE These guidelines provide a data-supported approach to the care of patients with ascites. They are based on the following: 1) a formal review and analysis of the published world literature (1,045 papers) on ascites (Medline Search from 1966-1996, search terms included ascites, diet therapy, drug therapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and therapy); 2) the American College of Physician' s Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Guidelines 1 ; and 3) several published and draft guidelines, including the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases' Policy Statement on Development and Use of Practice Guidelines and American Gastroenterological Association' s Policy Statement on Guidelines 2 ; and 4) 15 years of experience on the part of the author in the clinical and laboratory investigations of and care for patients with this problem.These guidelines, intended for use by physicians, suggest preferable approaches to the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative aspects of care. These guidelines are intended to be flexible, in contrast with ''standards of care,'' which are inflexible policies to be followed in almost every case. 1 Furthermore, these guidelines were developed for the care of adult patients with clinically detectable ascites. Although the general approach may be applicable to children, the pediatric data base is much smaller and there may be unanticipated differences between adults and children. Patients with ascites that is detected by imaging modalities alone, but not yet clinically evident, are not included because of the lack of published information regarding the natural history of this entity.Specific recommendations are based on relevant published information. In an attempt to standardize recommendations, the Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases modified the categories of the Infectious Diseases Society of America' s Quality Standards. 3 These categories are reported with each recommendation, using the letters A through E to determine the strength of recommendation and roman numerals I through III to determine quality of evidence upon which recommendations are based, as follows: A, survival benefit; B, improved diagnosis; C, improvement in quality of life; D, relevant pathophysiologic parameters improved; E, impacts cost of heal...

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis†

Runyon¹

1998

Hepatology

302

131

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“…Longevity (years) FIGuRE (37,38), pulmonary (39), renal (40), integumentary (41), and splanchnic (36) systems have been demonstrated in patients with liver disease. The increased cardiac output (37) functional renal failure (42) and portal hypertension (43) of relatively increased hepatic arterial flow as a factor in the portal hypertension of cirrhosis associated with alcoholism. The investigations reported here were based upon their early studies and imply similar conclusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Portal Venous Blood Flow Diversion on Portal Pressure

Zimmon¹,

Kessler²

1980

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T To anticipate the hepatic vascular response to portacaval anastomosis, we studied portal pressure during diversion of portal blood through a temporary extracorporeal umbilical vein to saphenous vein shunt. The relationship of portal pressure to shunted flow was approximately linear. In five schistosomiasis patients (controls) portal diversion to 1,250 ml/min gave portal pressure-shunted flow curve slopes ranging from 0.13 to 0.57 cm water/100 ml per min (0.31±0.18, mean+SD). In 17 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension a continuum of slopes was observed from within mean±2 SD of control (type A) to larger slopes (type B) indicating failure of portal pressure regulation. When portal flow was augmented by shunting from saphenous vein to portal vein, cirrhotic patients who had slopes less than mean ±2 SD ofcontrols during diversion (type A) exhibited a compliant system with small increases in portal pressure, whereas type B patients had significantly greater pressure increases. Selective investigations suggested that changes in portal pressure provoked compensatory changes in hepatic arterial blood flow that tended to maintain portal pressure at a set point. Type B patients demonstrated failure of this mechanism to varying degrees.After end-to-side portacaval shunt, seven type A cirrhotic patients maintained residual intrahepatic venous pressure unchanged from prior portal pressure, whereas six type B patients had a significant decrease. Residual intrahepatic venous pressure was measured after portacaval shunt in 40 cirrhotic patients who were followed This work was presented in part at the annual meetings of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease,

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“…Entre as medidas gerais envolvidas no tratamento da ascite do cirrótico está a indicação de abstinência total de álcool, naqueles pacientes que estão em consumo ativo (Evidência grau B). Esta medida beneficia também os pacientes com outras causas associadas de hepatopatia crônica como a hepatite C. Pode haver melhora da histologia hepática mesmo em pacientes com cirrose alcoólica 46 , acompanhada de redução da pressão portal e da redução da ascite 47,48 . Outras causas de cirrose com ascite, que apresentam melhora com tratamento específico da doença hepática de base, são a hepatite autoimune e a hepatite B crônica 49 .…”

Section: Aspectos Geraisunclassified

Ascite: estado da arte baseado em evidências

Júnior

Galvão

Santos

et al. 2009

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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Definição:Denomina-se ascite ao acúmulo de líquido livre de origem patológica na cavidade peritoneal. O termo ascite tem origem na palavra grega "askos" que significa saco ou conteúdo de um saco. Deste radical derivou "askites" e depois "ascite". Embora a origem do líquido que se acumula na cavidade peritoneal possa variar (plasma, bile, sangue, suco pancreático, líquido intestinal, linfa, urina, etc.), a grande maioria das ascites tem como causa a cirrose hepática. Fisiopatologia: Teorias da formação de ascite no cirrótico:O desenvolvimento da ascite é a consequência final de uma série de anormalidades anatômicas, fisiopatológicas e bioquímicas que ocorrem em pacientes com cirrose hepática. Três teorias foram elaboradas ao longo do tempo para explicar o surgimento da ascite no cirrótico: o "underfill" (baixoenchimento), o "overflow" (super-fluxo) e a vasodilatação. A visão moderna preconiza que as três teorias estão presentes no mesmo paciente com cirrose, em maior ou menor grau dependendo da fase e do tempo de doença. A teoria da vasodilatação estaria presente na fase pré-ascítica e seria importante em toda a evolução posterior 1 . A teoria do "overflow" 2 seria a mais importante nos primeiros meses do desenvolvimento da ResumoA ascite é o acúmulo de líquido livre de origem patológica na cavidade abdominal, fenômeno presente em várias doenças da prática clínica. A doença mais associada com ascite é a cirrose hepática. Na sua fisiopatologia destacam-se três teorias que ocorrem sempre em determinado paciente, porém em momentos diferentes de sua doença: vasodilatação, "overflow" e "underfill". O conceito mais moderno sugere que as três teorias estão presentes no mesmo paciente com cirrose, dependendo do tempo de evolução de sua doença. A teoria da vasodilatação estaria presente desde a fase pré-ascítica até a ascite de longa data. A teoria do overflow seria predominante nos primeiros meses de ascite e a teoria underfill explicaria a maioria dos achados em pacientes com ascite por longo tempo. Neste artigo são comentadas em detalhes as várias doenças que produzem ascite, os métodos diagnósticos empregados na pesquisa clínica da ascite, as complicações da ascite e as opções terapêuticas disponíveis. Em cada item é mostrado o grau de evidência (A até C) presente na literatura médica. ascite no cirrótico, e a teoria do "underfill" 3 explicaria a maior parte dos achados em pacientes com vários meses de ascite.A teoria da vasodilatação veio harmonizar as ideias sobre a formação de ascite no cirrótico, englobando as teorias do "overflow" e do "underfill". Nas fases iniciais da cirrose hepática haveria vasodilatação periférica e retenção renal de água e sódio. A seguir haveria "overflow" e escape de fluido para a cavidade peritoneal (vindo principalmente da superfície hepática). Provavelmente depois que a ascite começa a se formar e piora a vasodilatação periférica, o "underfill" passa a assumir papel relevante, com queda do volume efetivo circulante e estimulação permanente dos sistemas vasopressores, levando à retenç...

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Spontaneous Decrease in Portal Pressure with Clinical Improvement in Cirrhosis

Cited by 89 publications

References 8 publications

Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis†

Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis†

Effect of Portal Venous Blood Flow Diversion on Portal Pressure

Ascite: estado da arte baseado em evidências

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