Spirometry reference values for population aged 7–80 years in China

Abstract

Background and objective: Lung function tests are widely used in clinical and public health practice; however, no valid spirometry reference values were available for the general population in China. This study aimed to provide valid spirometry predictive equations for the general population in China, and to evaluate the predictive performance of previously used equations. Methods: Data from the China National Health Survey 2012-2015 and the 'Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape' statistical modelling method were used to establish spirometry predictive equations for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV 1 /FVC. Paired t-tests were used to examine differences between spirometry measurements in this sample and predicted values of four previous spirometry predictive equations.Results: This study included 3130 lifetime non-smokers (713 males and 2417 females) aged 7-80 years in China. Spirometry predictive equations with age and height as predictive variables plus age-specific splines were established separately by gender. Most previous spirometry predictive equations were found to significantly overestimate (maximum of 3.69% in FEV 1 , 1.87% in FVC and 4.19% in FEV 1 /FVC for males; 11.46% in FEV 1 , 7.28% in FVC and 3.78% in FEV 1 /FVC for females) or underestimate (maximum of 5.75% in FEV 1 and 8.12% in FVC for males; 7.89% in FEV 1 and 9.32% in FVC for females) lung function measurements when applied to this sample population. Conclusion: This study addressed the urgent need for valid and up-to-date spirometry reference values for the general population in China. Moreover, previous spirometry predictive equations showed unfavourable generalizability to this sample population.

The multi‐ethnic global lung initiative 2012 (GLI-2012) norms reflect contemporary adult's Algerian spirometry

“…To the best of the authors’ knowledge, only few studies [14–22, 24] aimed at evaluating the applicability of the GLI-2012 norms in healthy adults’ populations. Table 4 presents the main characteristics and results of some studies reporting Z-scores data [14–20] .…”

“…On the other hand, the GLI-2012 norms seem unsuitable for clinical use in the Swedish [14] , Finnish [19] and Brazilian [22] populations. Moreover, a Chinese study [24] , concluded that GLI-2012 norms [10] showed unfavorable generalizability to their sample population. An African study [23] has demonstrated that Tanzanians aged 13–29 years, compared to the predicted values for Black populations inhabiting the GLI-2012 norms, scored relatively lower in some spirometric data with the exception of the FEV 1 /FVC (1 st s forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity) ratio.…”

Lactobacillus Casei Zhang Alleviates Shrimp Tropomyosin‐Induced Food Allergy by Switching Antibody Isotypes through the NF‐κB‐Dependent Immune Tolerance

“…[ 11 ] and Zhang et al. [ 34 ] as follows: 0, no symptoms, normal stools; 1, repetitive mouth/ear scratching and ear canal digging with hind legs, a few wet and unformed stools; 2, decreased activity, self‐isolation, and puffiness around eyes and/or mouth, wet and unformed stools with some yellow mucus; 3, periods of motionlessness for more than 1 min, lying prone on stomach, and decreased activity, more wet and unformed stools with a lot of yellow mucus; 4, no response to whisker stimuli and reduced or no response to prodding, a larger number of wet and unformed stools with moderate perianal staining of the coat; 5, tremor, convulsion, and death, severe watery stool with severe perianal staining of the coat.…”

Global Lung Function Initiative‐2012 ‘other/mixed’ spirometry reference equation provides the best overall fit for Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children and young adults

“…Several studies have found these reference equations to be unsuitable for some Caucasian and non‐Caucasian populations . For this reason, appropriateness of the GLI‐2012 equations should be confirmed prior to their use for ethnic groups not currently covered by the equations.…”

“…14 Several studies have found these reference equations to be unsuitable for some Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations. [15][16][17][18][19][20] For this reason, appropriateness of the GLI-2012 equations should be confirmed prior to their use for ethnic groups not currently covered by the equations. This includes Indigenous Australians who identify as Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander or both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ('both').…”