Spindt Air-Fuel Ratio Method Generalization for Oxygenated Fuels

Bresenham, Damon; Reisel, John R.; Neusen, Ken

doi:10.4271/982054

Cited by 38 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The number-size distributions of the particle agglomerates are shown in Figure S1 of SI. The calculation for BTE, air-fuel ratio, and standard errors are based on the methods of Zhu et al (2010), Bresenham et al (1998) and Kline and McClintock (1953), respectively. Student's t-test was used to check whether the differences among different fuels are significant at the 95% confidence level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of waste cooking oil biodiesel on the nanostructure and volatility of particles emitted by a direct-injection diesel engine

Wei

Cheung

Ning

2016

Aerosol Science and Technology

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To reduce air pollution and the reliance on fossil fuel, biodiesel has been widely investigated as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on the physical properties and the oxidation reactivity of the particles emitted by a diesel engine operating on WCO biodiesel as the main fuel. Experiments were conducted on a direct-injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel, B75 (75% biodiesel and 25% diesel on volume basis, v/v), B50, B20, and diesel fuel, at five engine loads and at an engine speed of 1920 rev/min. Particulate samples were collected to analyze the particulate nanostructure, volatility, and oxidation characteristics. Biodiesel or low-load operation leads to smaller primary particles and more disordered nanostructures having shorter and more curved graphene layers. It can be found that particles from biodiesel, blended fuels, or low-load operation have higher volatile mass fractions and faster oxidation reaction rates than particles from diesel or heavy-load operation. The higher oxidation reaction rates are due mainly to the smaller particle size, the more disordered nanostructure, and the higher volatile mass fraction. It is also found that changes in primary particle size and particulate nanostructure are not directly proportional to the biodiesel content, while changes in particulate volatility and particulate oxidation reactivity are proportional to the biodiesel content. The use of biodiesel can enhance particulate oxidation reactivity and the regeneration of soot particles in an after-treatment device.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of waste cooking oil biodiesel on the nanostructure and volatility of particles emitted by a direct-injection diesel engine

Wei

Cheung

Ning

2016

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…(A/F) a was calculated afterwards based on HC, CO, CO 2 , and O 2 emissions by applying the Spindt method generalized for oxygenated fuels (Bresenham et al 1998). (A/F) s was calculated from the actual fuel content of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.…”

Section: Fuels and Lubricating Oilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Emissions from a Small Two-Stroke Engine: Effects of Fuel, Lubricating Oil, and Exhaust Aftertreatment on Particle Characteristics

Ålander

Antikainen

Raunemaa

et al. 2005

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The effects of fuel and lubricating oil formulation and exhaust catalytic aftertreatment on physical and chemical characteristics of two-stroke engine exhaust particles were studied. The exhaust particles were produced with a professional chainsaw engine. The employed fuels were a 98-octane oxygenated, low-sulfur, low-aromatic reformulated gasoline, which served as a reference, and a 95-octane nonoxygenated alkylate gasoline that had no aromatics and olefins. The applied lubricating oils were a semisynthetic mineral-based oil and a biodegradable ester-based oil. In total eight fuel-lubricating oil-catalyst combinations were studied. The test runs were conducted on a test bench and exhaust was diluted in a full-flow dilution tunnel. The size and number emissions of the exhaust particles were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) composition of the particles were analyzed with a thermal-optical transmission analyzer (TOT). In addition, the inorganic ion and metal composition of the particles were quantified, and the gaseous total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were measured. The volatility characteristics of the exhaust particles were studied with a thermal desorption unit combined with the SMPS. The particle mass (PM) emissions ranged without catalyst from 2.9 to 3.4 g/kWh and with catalyst from 1.7 to 2.4 g/kWh, the catalytic converter thus reducing PM emissions by 19-50%. Without catalyst the alkylate fuel-biodegradable oil combination gave the highest particle mass emissions, but with catalyst with the same fuel-oil mixture the emissions were the lowest. The count median diameter (CMD) of the particles ranged from 57 to 123 nm. Without catalyst, the alkylate fuel-biodegradable oil combination gave the lowest number emissions, but with catalyst with the same fuel-oil combination the emissions were the highest. The catalytic converter reduced the particle size by 22-56 nm, but it also increased the number emissions by a factor of 1.3-2.6. In thermal analysis 88-98% of the exhaust particle volume proved to be volatile, the solid fraction consisting of elemental carbon and metal residues. With the mineral-based lubricating oil, the metal residues appeared in two modes at the evaporation temperatures of 350 • C and higher, while in the particles produced with the biodegradable oil the residues were unimodally distributed.

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“…This is a result of the presence of an oxygenate in the CARB and 10% ethanol fuels; HC emissions overall should reduce with the enleaning effects of the oxygen in the fuel. 19 It should be noted, though, that for many of the engines the improvement is not large and could be lost in the experimental uncertainty.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions from Small Utility Engines

Reisel

Kellner

Neusen

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Partially speciated hydrocarbon (HC) emissions data from several small utility engines, as measured by a Fourier Transform Infrared analyzer, are presented. The engines considered have nominal horsepower ratings between 3.7 and 9.3 kW. Both side-valve and overhead-valve engines are studied, and four different fuels are used in the engines. The results indicate that the small HCs present in the exhaust tend to be in the form of either methane or unsaturated HCs. Other small alkanes, such as ethane and propane, are present in only relatively small concentrations. In terms of ozone formation potential, the HCs in the form of methane will lead to little ozone, but the distribution of the C 2 and C 3 species is not ideal from an ozone reduction standpoint. It is also found that the presence of oxygen in the fuels appears to lead to somewhat more complete combustion, although the effects are not large. Finally, the overhead-valve engines appear to have lower HC emissions than side-valve engines, which is primarily due to higher operating A/F ratios and the engine geometry.

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Spindt Air-Fuel Ratio Method Generalization for Oxygenated Fuels

Cited by 38 publications

References 6 publications

Influence of waste cooking oil biodiesel on the nanostructure and volatility of particles emitted by a direct-injection diesel engine

Influence of waste cooking oil biodiesel on the nanostructure and volatility of particles emitted by a direct-injection diesel engine

Particle Emissions from a Small Two-Stroke Engine: Effects of Fuel, Lubricating Oil, and Exhaust Aftertreatment on Particle Characteristics

Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions from Small Utility Engines

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