Spectroscopic Determination of Ternary Phase Diagrams

Determining the Ternary Phase Diagram of Benzene–Acetic Acid–Water Using Isothermal Titration Microcalorimetry to Train Upper-Level Undergraduates in Advanced Calorimetry Methods

“…There is an increasing tendency to employ modern experimental techniques to supplement traditional experiments. For instance, spectroscopic determination, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and steady-state fluorescence, were studied as a modern acquisition of the classic ternary phase diagrams. − Agreement with data from the titration method confirmed the validity of the spectroscopy method. Since the binary/ternary phase diagram is usually placed in the part of thermodynamics experiment, isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) is therefore used here to expand its application in physical chemistry experiment teaching.…”

Investigation of the Ternary Phase Diagram of Water–Propan-2-ol–Sodium Chloride: A Laboratory Experiment

“…The wide variety of ternary liquid systems was demonstrated by Francis and Smith. 7 Some examples of ternary diagram experiments proposed in this Journal include the lead nitrate−sodium nitrate−water system (gravimetric analysis), 8 the water−acetic acid−1,2dichloroethane system (analysis by refractive index), 9,10 the water−acetic acid−chloroform system (analysis by NMR), 11 and the water−n-heptane−n-propanol system (analysis by gas chromatography, 12 UV or fluorescence spectroscopy, 13 or NMR 14 ). These describe, at ambient temperatures, either two solid + liquid or three liquid component systems.…”

Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Measuring Ternary Phase Diagrams

“…General phase behavior and in particular ternary phase diagrams are a traditional basic topic in thermodynamics for the undergraduate curriculum of physical chemistry (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). While it is desirable to keep laboratory experiments of traditional thermodynamic content in the corresponding laboratory curriculum, this is becoming increasingly difficult owing to the growing need to additionally incorporate experiments that employ modern experimental techniques, especially in the area of spectroscopy.…”

“…Udale and Wells replaced the standard ternary system of water, acetic acid, and dichloroethane with the less hazardous ternary system of water, n-heptane, and 1-propanol (2). Karukstis et al used both absorption and fluorescence probes to obtain tie line compositions using UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy (1). Sparked by the idea of Karukstis et al to employ modern spectroscopic techniques for a classic thermodynamics experiment, we modified the ternary phase diagram experiment for the water, n-heptane, 1-propanol system to incorporate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.…”