Spatial Variability and Monitoring of Pb Contamination of Farming Soils Affected by Industry

Abstract

In this study, the relationship between some physico-chemical properties of soils and lead contamination in soil due to emission from industrial operations in Samsun province of Turkey was investigated. The extent of timely contamination was studied by comparing the obtained results with the results of the study conducted in the same region in 1998. An area of 225 km(2) (15 km x 15 km), which was divided into 1000 x 1000 m grid squares (16 lines in the east and south directions), was selected within the industrial area. The total of 256 grid points was obtained and soil samples were collected from three depths (0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm) of each grid center in 2004. The total Pb concentrations of soil samples were determined as 65.84-527.04 microg g(-1) at 0-5 cm in depth, 58.50 - 399.54 microg g(-1) at 5-15 cm in depth, and 44.65-330.07 microg g(-1) at 15-30 cm in depth. DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations of soils were found to be in the range of 1.52-9.03 microg g(-1), 0.54-7.09 microg g(-1), 0.19-6.13 microg g(-1) at 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm depths, respectively. There were significant relationships between both total or DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations and selected physico-chemical properties of soil. According to enrichment factor (EF) values calculated from the total Pb concentrations, 11.3% of the study area (225 km(2)) was enriched with Pb in high level, but 77% of the area was in significant enrichment level with Pb. The average total and DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations increased as 11 and 13%, respectively in comparison with the results of 1998.

Heavy metal contamination of topsoils around a lead and zinc smelter in the Republic of Macedonia

“…However, there are cases when the industrial enterprises, especially mining and metallurgical plants, situated near cities can increase the pollution. It is obvious from the articles published recently that lead and zinc mines and smelter plants activities lead to enormous soil contamination [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Distribution of some elements in surface soil over the Kavadarci region, Republic of Macedonia

“…The regional contamination of soil occurs mainly in industrial regions and within centers of large settlements where factories, motor vehicles and municipal wastes are the most important sources of trace metals (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001). It is obvious from the papers published recently that mining and metallurgical activities lead to enormous soil contamination (Li et al 2005(Li et al , 2006Wilson et al 2005;Pruvot et al 2006;Aryal et al 2006;Cemek and Kizilkaya 2006;Cappuyns et al 2006;Tembo et al 2006), including soil contamination due to nickel smelter plants or other industrial activities (Chen et al 2005;Moller et al 2005;Kaur and Rani 2006;Davidson et al 2006;Crnkovic et al 2006;World Bank Group 1998;Everhart et al 2006;Martin et al 2006;Mico et al 2006;Stafilov et al 2008).…”

Assessment of potential ecological risk index based on heavy metal elements for organic farming in micro catchments under humid ecological condition

“…Especially due to the high CEC of clay, soils hold heavy metals more than other soils with higher clay and organic matter content hold difficult metals and form strong soluble compounds. Variation of these elements or compounds deposited in the soil along the soil profile, it depends on the characteristics of the soils and the intensity of agricultural activities, and the distribution of metals in the soil profile is indicative of air pollution, soil genesis and anthropogenic pollution (Wilcke et al, 2000;Cemek and Kızılkaya, 2006). The objectives of this present study was (i) to determine some physico-chemical soil properties of some micro catchment in Ordu province, (ii) to determine the correlation between heavy metal (HM) contents and physico-chemical properties of soil, (iii) to assess the environmental risks of heavy metals in the micro catchments.…”

“…Especially due to the high CEC of clay, soils hold heavy metals more than other soils with higher clay and organic matter content hold difficult metals and form strong soluble compounds. Variation of these elements or compounds deposited in the soil along the soil profile, it depends on the characteristics of the soils and the intensity of agricultural activities, and the distribution of metals in the soil profile is indicative of air pollution, soil genesis and anthropogenic pollution (Wilcke et al, 2000;Cemek and Kızılkaya, 2006).…”