The GEMAS (geochemical mapping of agricultural soil) project collected 2108 Ap horizon soil samples from regularly ploughed fields in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km2. The <2 mm fraction of these samples was analysed for 53 elements by ICP-MS and ICP-AES, following a HNO3/HCl/H2O (modified aqua regia) digestion. Results are used here to establish the geochemical background variation and threshold values, derived statistically from the data set, in order to identify unusually high element concentrations for these elements in the Ap samples. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs),
in mosses has declined the most for lead (77%), followed by vanadium (55%), cadmium 74 (51%), chromium (43%), zinc (34%), nickel (33%), iron (27%), arsenic (21%, since 75 1995), mercury (14%, since 1995) and copper (11%). Between 2005 and 2010, the 76 decline ranged from 6% for copper to 36% for lead; for nitrogen the decline was 5%.
a b s t r a c tMacedonian Vranec wines were analysed by HPLC coupled with DAD and MS detections and by spectrophotometric methods. ESI-IT MS and MS-MS methods with alternating ionisation polarity were used for identification of the phenolic compounds. Both, nonflavonoids (stilbens, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives) and flavonoids (flavonols, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins) were detected in the samples. Vranec wines were produced under different fermentation conditions: maceration time of 3, 6 and 10 days, two doses of SO 2 (30 and 70 mg l
À1) and two yeasts for fermentation, in order to examine their effects on the extraction of phenolic compounds from grapes into the wine.
For the first time the atmospheric deposition of trace metals was studied over the entire territory of the Republic of Macedonia. Samples of the terrestrial mosses Hypnum cupressiforme, Camptothecium lutescens, and Homalothecium sericeum were collected in September-October 2002 at 73 sites evenly distributed over the country, and a total of 43 elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry. Principal component factor analysis was used to identify the most polluted areas and characterize different pollution sources. The most important sources of trace metal deposition are ferrous and non-ferrous smelters, oil refineries, fertilizer production plants, and central heating stations. Four areas appear to be particularly exposed to metal pollution: Veles, Skopje, Tetovo, and Kavadarci-Negotino, whereas the predominantly agricultural regions in the south, southwest, and southeast show levels closer to European median values for most elements of mainly pollution origin.
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