Spatial Thinking Ability Assessment in Rwandan Secondary Schools: Baseline Results

Confirmatory factor analysis of self-evaluation spatial thinking skills (SESS) measurement model

“…Findings suggest that incorporating spatial skill activities into lessons had a positive impact on both the teachers' reflective practice and the students' learning skills [1]. While there have been many studies emphasizing on developing spatial thinking skills instruments [9], [10] few studies have been done to validate instruments for measuring spatial skills. In addition to the lack of validated spatial skills measurement ,these is a disagreement on the nature of instruments and the number of major components of spatial thinking skills to cater for multiples learners [9].…”

Spatial thinking for educational innovation

“…Our results have shown that spatial thinking skills levels are very low among all of our students (average of 31.4% on a 100% scale), and students did particularly poor on STAT questions involving reasoning about 3D phenomena based on 2D representation [10]. Our baseline STAT findings have thus made it quite clear that any attempts to build geoICTs to support spatial thinking must account for potential end-use spatial thinking skill gaps.…”

Evaluation of Geography Instructor-Candidate’s Spatial Thinking Ability through Spatially Designed Field-Course

“…value 0.683). It continuously retain the HO hypothesis and the overall result of two ANOVA statistic does not reflect the differentiation of spatial thinking ability between teacher-students as advanced research mentioned [8] [13]. However, that was just bolding the previous studies conducted by some scholars.…”

“…A spatial thinking study conducting in Rwanda (east Africa country which basically third-world country) rural and urban area adjust the STAT instrument to Rwandan ordinary units, layout, native language therefore they can answering STAT question with no technical difficulties [13]. Rwanda study separate 222 students into 2 major groups, one group come from rural area and the others locate in urban area and used all of STAT items and aspects [13]. This research however, assess the spatial thinking ability after they finish field-course and divided them from their achievement in some theoretical and application courses.…”