Spatial–temporal variations, possible sources and soil–air exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban environments in China

Cui, Song; Fu, Qiang; Li, Yifan; Li, Tianxiao; Liu, Dong; Dong, Wencai; Wang, Min; Li, Kun-yang

doi:10.1039/c6ra26864a

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Higher concentrations of PCBs were observed in developed and populated zones along the Chinese east coast to the south coast, from the region of the Yangtze River Delta to the Pearl River Delta (see Figure S3). These two regions share the main proportion (>50%) of the historical PCB usage in China . They are also the regions where e-waste recycling sites have been intensively located. , As expected, the highest concentration was observed at an e-waste dismantling site located in an industrial park of Taizhou, where concentrations averaged at 6460 ± 460 pg/m 3 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

“…This signal may be polluted by e-waste activities and/or release from storage of historical products. Half of the total amount of PCBs used in China was in the eastern regions of the country …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Half of the total amount of PCBs used in China were in the eastern regions of the country. 43 The petrochemical industry/ plastic source was estimated to contribute 4-17% of the total PCBs.…”

Section: Source Apportionment Of Pcbs Across Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory

Zhao

Jones

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were not widely manufactured or used in China before they became the subject of international bans on production. Recent work has shown they have reached China associated with imported wastes, and that there are considerable unintentional sources of PCBs that have only recently been identified. As such, it was hypothesised that the source inventory and profile of PCBs may be different or unique in China, compared to countries where they were widely used and which have been widely studied. For the first time in this study we therefore undertook a complete analysis of 209 PCB congeners and assessed the contribution of unintentionally-produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) in the atmosphere of China, using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) deployed across a wide range of Chinese locations. ∑209 PCBs ranged from 9 to 6856 pg/m 3 (median: 95 pg/m 3 ) during three deployments in 2016-2017. PCB 11 was one of the most detected congeners, contributing 33±19% to ∑209 PCBs. The main sources to airborne PCBs in China were estimated and ranked as pigment/painting (34%), metallurgical industry/combustion (31%), e-waste (23%) and petrochemical/plastic industry (6%). For typical Aroclor-PCBs, e-waste source dominated (>50%). Results from our study indicate that UP-PCBs have become the controlling source in the atmosphere of China and an effective control strategy is urgently needed to mitigate emissions from multiple industrial sources.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory

Zhao

Jones

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Accordingly, all the diagnostic ratios: Phe/Ant (0.73 to 10.52), Flu/Pyr (0.20 to 1.06), BaA/Chr (0.20 to 9.23), BaA/BaA+Chr (0.17 to 1.0), Flu/Flu+Pyr (0.13 to 0.51), and Ant/Ant+Phe (0.09 to 0.58) indicated a pyrogenic origin of the PAHs. Results of this study were concurrent with those reported in other works [43,59,60,61], whereas the ratios for Ant/Ant+Phe and BaA/BaA+Chr were higher than the corresponding ranges (0.11–0.16) and (0.38–0.48) of the ratios reported in [41]. In addition, the TI values obtained in this study showed that all soil samples except S6, S10, and S17 were >4, which indicates that the PAHs determined in this study originated from combustion processes.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Occurrence and Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Wuhan, Central China

Gereslassie

Workineh

Liu

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are large groups of ubiquitous environmental pollutants composed of two or more fused aromatic rings. This study was designed to evaluate the distribution, potential sources, and ecological and cancer risks of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Huangpi soils in Wuhan, central China. The soil samples for this study were taken from 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths. A modified matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction method was applied to extract analytes from the soil samples. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used to determine the concentrations of the compounds. The sum mean concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 138.93 and 154.99 µg kg−1 in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene and fluorene were the most abundant compounds in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. The quantitative values of the pyrogenic index, total index, and diagnostic ratio used in this study showed that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a pyrogenic origin. The negligible and maximum permissible concentrations values for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene indicated a moderate ecological risk. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values for adults and children showed a low and moderate cancer risk, respectively.

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“…The respective αand γ-HCH concentrations, 3.5 and 12.9 pg m −3 during B1 and 0.5 and 3.9 pg m −3 during B2, were lower than those reported in other urban areas of Spain: 37 pg m −3 for their sum (de la Torre et al, 2016). The concentrations of total PCBs in B1 and B2, 58 and 23 pg m −3 , respectively (sum of congeners reported in Table 2) (Pozo et al, 2011), China: 600-7,600 pg m −3 (Cui et al, 2017), and Bangladesh: 7-1,800 pg m −3 (Nost et al, 2015). They were similar to those reported in Nepal: 1.2-47 pg m −3 (Pokhrel et al, 2018).…”

Section: Urban Concentrations Of Organochlorine Compounds Pahs and Organophosphate Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Changes in Urban Gas-Phase Persistent Organic Pollutants During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Barcelona

Prats

Drooge

Fernández

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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The composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) present in the gas-phase fraction of the atmosphere of Barcelona was analyzed during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown and prior to this period. The changes in daily concentrations of CO, NO, NO2, O3 and particulate matter smaller than 10 μm (PM10) were considered for comparison. Bayesian analysis considering serial dependencies and seasonality showed statistically significant decreases of CO, NO, NO2, and PM10 (between −28 and −76%) and O3 increases (+45%) during lockdown. However, the lockdown concentration decreases of PeCB (−90.5%, from 8.5 to 0.8 pg m–3), HCB (−79%, 25.5–5.4 pg m–3) and some PAHs, such as benz[a]anthracene (−87%, 120–17 pg m–3) and pyrene (−81%, 3,500–680 pg m–3), were even stronger. The PAH depletion ranged between −68 and −87% that could be primarily associated with the strong reduction of traffic mobility during this period (−80%). Besides traffic reduction, the observed air quality improvements could be related to lower generation of solid urban residues (−25%) and the subsequent decrease of urban waste incineration (between −25 and −28%). Tributyl phosphate also showed a reduction in concentration during lockdown but the other OPFRs were seemingly not affected by this restriction, possibly as a result of the uniform release from the emission sources, e.g., construction material, industrial applications, and household products.

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Spatial–temporal variations, possible sources and soil–air exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban environments in China

Abstract: Herein, we analyzed and explored the spatial–temporal variations, possible sources, and evaluated soil–air exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban environments in China.

Cited by 16 publications

References 49 publications

Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory

Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory

Occurrence and Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Wuhan, Central China

Changes in Urban Gas-Phase Persistent Organic Pollutants During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Barcelona

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