Occurrence and Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Wuhan, Central China

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are large groups of ubiquitous environmental pollutants composed of two or more fused aromatic rings. This study was designed to evaluate the distribution, potential sources, and ecological and cancer risks of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Huangpi soils in Wuhan, central China. The soil samples for this study were taken from 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths. A modified matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction method was applied to extract analytes from the soil samples. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used to determine the concentrations of the compounds. The sum mean concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 138.93 and 154.99 µg kg−1 in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene and fluorene were the most abundant compounds in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. The quantitative values of the pyrogenic index, total index, and diagnostic ratio used in this study showed that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a pyrogenic origin. The negligible and maximum permissible concentrations values for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene indicated a moderate ecological risk. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values for adults and children showed a low and moderate cancer risk, respectively.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural residential soils, levels, composition profiles, source identification and health risk & hazard

“…ILCR was also comparable with reported for cities of other countries including Beijing, China (adults, 2.48 × 10 −6 -3.08 × 10 −6 , children, 1.56 × 10 −6 -2.69 × 10 −6 ) [35], and USA (6 × 10 −5 ) [60]. But was less than Mashad, Iran (adults, 6.2 × 10 −4 , children, 7 × 10 −4 ) [8], Kutahya, Turkey (adults, 5.71 × 10 −6 to 3.19 × 10 −4 ) [12], Guatemala (adults, 1.61 × 10 −4 ) [13], and higher than Yinma (children, 1.00 × 10 −6 to 1.18 × 10 −6 , adults, 1.10 × 10 −6 to 4.22 × 10 −6 ) [6], Liaohe (children, 4.03 × 10 −8 , adults, 1.14 × 10 −7 ) [7], Wuhan (adults 1.13 × 10 −8 to 3.54 × 10 −8 , children 9.23 × 10 −7 to 9.51 × 10 −6 ) [9], Gwangju in South Korea (adults, 8.41 × 10 −6 , children, 3.61 × 10 −7 ) [10], and North-West China (adults, 1.19 × 10 −9 Children, 1.79 × 10 −9 ) [11].…”

“…Industrial activities and vehicles are main sources of PAHs in urban soils [1,5]. Worldwide, several researchers reported health risk to humans through PAHs with in the soil [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Seasonal Fluctuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerosol Genotoxicity in Long-Range Transported Air Mass Observed at the Western End of Japan

“…Up until the present, PAHs have been detected in various environmental samples such as river water [3][4][5], sediment [6][7][8], soil [9][10][11], and airborne particles [12][13][14], which indicates the spread of PAHs pollution. Various environmental emission sources have also been investigated, such as waste Int.…”

Determination of Occurrences, Distribution, Health Impacts of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils of Central China

“…The total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil was analyzed with the Shimadzu TOC analyzer (Shimadzu, Hadano Kanagawa, Japan) (SSM–5000A). Soil pH was determined using a pH meter in a ratio of 1:5 soil: water [33,34]. Soil moisture content was determined by drying the known weight of soil in a dry oven at 105 °C for 24 h.…”