Spatial and Temporal Variability of Open-Ocean Barrier Islands along the Indus Delta Region

Waqas, Muhammad; Nazeer, Majid; Shahzad, Muhammad Imran; Zia, Ibrahim

doi:10.3390/rs11040437

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Erosive actions are found to be more pronounced in the eastern (right) side of the IDR (i.e., 19.96 ± 0.65 m/yr) as compared to the IR West zone, and the coastline is receding landward (curve plot, Figure 13). This result is in line with the findings of Waqas et al [27]. Overall, mean erosion is found to be decreasing away from the Indus River outfall location at Khobar Creek towards Sir Creek in the direction of the littoral drift (long-shore sediment transport) from West to East, as shown in Figure 13.…”

Section: Ir East Zonesupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The IDR creek system is under the influence of high tides [26], medium to high energy waves [32], and sea level rise of over 1.1 mm/yr [27,33]. The coastline delineated from satellite images varies with the tidal height when the satellite passes [34] (Figure 2).…”

Section: Data Set For Coastline Delineationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data from the tide gauge show that the tidal height varied approximately between 0.20 to 2.80 m during the passes of Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) and OLI (Operational Imager) over the past three decades ( Table 2). We selected only cloud-free and atmospherically corrected 30-m Landsat (TM: Thematic Mapper and OLI: Operational Image Processor) images acquired in non-flooding pre-monsoon season (Dec-April) to evaluate the geomorphological change of the coastline [27,35]. All the Landsat CDR (climate data records) images were pre-processed to L1T level (i.e., after standard terrain correction) with consistent geo-registration and within the prescribed tolerances (i.e., 12 m root-mean-square error) [11].…”

Section: Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rate of sediment influx and the ground displacements significantly affects the position of the coastline, particularly in the subsiding basins [61]. In the case of IDR and the areas in its vicinity, all the aforementioned factors have varied together greatly with respect to the relative SLR causing larger coastline regression and transgression [24,26,27,30,62].…”

Section: Ir East Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

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Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment

et al. 2019

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Coastal erosion endangers millions living near-shore and puts coastal infrastructure at risk, particularly in low-lying deltaic coasts of developing nations. This study focuses on morphological changes along the~320-km-long Sindh coastline of Pakistan over past three decades. In this study, the Landsat images from 1989 to 2018 at an interval of 10 years are used to analyze the state of coastline erosion. For this purpose, well-known statistical approaches such as end point rate (EPR), least median of squares (LMS), and linear regression rate (LRR) are used to calculate the rates of coastline change. We analyze the erosion trend along with the underlying controlling variables of coastal change. Results show that most areas along the coastline have experienced noteworthy erosion during the study period. It is found that Karachi coastline experienced 2.43 ± 0.45 m/yr of erosion and 8.34 ± 0.45 m/yr of accretion, while erosion on the western and eastern sides of Indus River reached 12.5 ± 0.55 and 19.96 ± 0.65 m/yr on average, respectively. Coastal erosion is widespread along the entire coastline. However, the rate of erosion varies across the study area with a general trend of erosion increasing from west to east in the Indus Delta region (IDR), and the highest average erosion rate is 27.46 m/yr. The interdecadal change during 1989-periods depicted an increasing linear trend (R 2 = 0.78) from Karachi to Indus River (IR) East zone. The spatial trend from west to east is positively correlated with mean sea level rise, which has increased from 1.1 to 1.9 mm/year, and negatively correlated with topographic slope, which is found to be decreasing eastward along the coastline. The findings necessitate appropriate actions and have important implications to better manage coastal areas in Pakistan in the wake of global climate change.

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Section: Ir East Zonesupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Data Set For Coastline Delineationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ir East Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

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Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment

et al. 2019

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“…The shoreline is an indicator of the ecological health of coastal areas [3,[9][10][11]. In past decades, the development of mega-infrastructure projects in coastal areas for urbanization/industrialization has placed more stress on the coastal ecosystem and changed ocean hydrodynamics [12][13][14][15][16]. Unplanned coastal development coupled with the natural action of ocean processes has led to the increasing vulnerability of low lying coastal environments [16][17][18].…”

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confidence: 99%

Coastline Vulnerability Assessment through Landsat and Cubesats in a Coastal Mega City

et al. 2020

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global mean sea levels may rise from 0.43 m to 0.84 m by the end of the 21st century. This poses a significant threat to coastal cities around the world. The shoreline of Karachi (a coastal mega city located in Southern Pakistan) is vulnerable mainly due to anthropogenic activities near the coast. Therefore, the present study investigates rates and susceptibility to shoreline change using a 76-year multi-temporal dataset (1942 to 2018) through the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Historical shoreline positions were extracted from the topographic sheets (1:250,000) of 1942 and 1966, the medium spatial resolution (30 m) multi-sensor Landsat images of 1976, 1990, 2002, 2011, and a high spatial resolution (3 m) Planet Scope image from 2018, along the 100 km coast of Karachi. The shoreline was divided into two zones, namely eastern (25 km) and western (29 km) zones, to track changes in development, movement, and dynamics of the shoreline position. The analysis revealed that 95% of transects drawn for the eastern zone underwent accretion (i.e., land reclamation) with a mean rate of 14 m/year indicating that the eastern zone faced rapid shoreline progression, with the highest rates due to the development of coastal areas for urban settlement. Similarly, 74% of transects drawn for the western zone experienced erosion (i.e., land loss) with a mean rate of −1.15 m/year indicating the weathering and erosion of rocky and sandy beaches by marine erosion. Among the 25 km length of the eastern zone, 94% (23.5 km) of the shoreline was found to be highly vulnerable, while the western zone showed much more stable conditions due to anthropogenic inactivity. Seasonal hydrodynamic analysis revealed approximately a 3% increase in the average wave height during the summer monsoon season and a 1% increase for the winter monsoon season during the post-land reclamation era. Coastal protection and management along the Sindh coastal zone should be adopted to defend against natural wave erosion and the government must take measures to stop illegal sea encroachments.Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 749 2 of 24 developments in coastal areas [1,2]. Therefore, shoreline indicators are used for a consistent representation of a shoreline. The most common shoreline indicators are the tidal datum (e.g., a specific elevation at the land-ocean boundary) and visually discernible features (e.g., a revetment structure, an erosion scarp, a previous high-tide high-water level, low-tide low-water level, or dune vegetation line, etc.) [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The shoreline is an indicator of the ecological health of coastal areas [3,[9][10][11]. In past decades, the development of mega-infrastructure projects in coastal areas for urbanization/industrialization has placed more stress on the coastal ecosystem and changed ocean hydrodynamics [12][13][14][15][16]. Unplanned coastal development coupled with the natural action of ocean processes has led to the increasing vulnerability of low lying coasta...

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The Geographic, Geological, and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River – An Update

et al. 2022

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of Open-Ocean Barrier Islands along the Indus Delta Region

Cited by 21 publications

References 44 publications

Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment

Three Decades of Coastal Changes in Sindh, Pakistan (1989–2018): A Geospatial Assessment

Coastline Vulnerability Assessment through Landsat and Cubesats in a Coastal Mega City

The Geographic, Geological, and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River – An Update

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