Coastline Vulnerability Assessment through Landsat and Cubesats in a Coastal Mega City

Abstract

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global mean sea levels may rise from 0.43 m to 0.84 m by the end of the 21st century. This poses a significant threat to coastal cities around the world. The shoreline of Karachi (a coastal mega city located in Southern Pakistan) is vulnerable mainly due to anthropogenic activities near the coast. Therefore, the present study investigates rates and susceptibility to shoreline change using a 76-year multi-temporal dataset (1942 to 2018) through the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Historical shoreline positions were extracted from the topographic sheets (1:250,000) of 1942 and 1966, the medium spatial resolution (30 m) multi-sensor Landsat images of 1976, 1990, 2002, 2011, and a high spatial resolution (3 m) Planet Scope image from 2018, along the 100 km coast of Karachi. The shoreline was divided into two zones, namely eastern (25 km) and western (29 km) zones, to track changes in development, movement, and dynamics of the shoreline position. The analysis revealed that 95% of transects drawn for the eastern zone underwent accretion (i.e., land reclamation) with a mean rate of 14 m/year indicating that the eastern zone faced rapid shoreline progression, with the highest rates due to the development of coastal areas for urban settlement. Similarly, 74% of transects drawn for the western zone experienced erosion (i.e., land loss) with a mean rate of −1.15 m/year indicating the weathering and erosion of rocky and sandy beaches by marine erosion. Among the 25 km length of the eastern zone, 94% (23.5 km) of the shoreline was found to be highly vulnerable, while the western zone showed much more stable conditions due to anthropogenic inactivity. Seasonal hydrodynamic analysis revealed approximately a 3% increase in the average wave height during the summer monsoon season and a 1% increase for the winter monsoon season during the post-land reclamation era. Coastal protection and management along the Sindh coastal zone should be adopted to defend against natural wave erosion and the government must take measures to stop illegal sea encroachments.Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 749 2 of 24 developments in coastal areas [1,2]. Therefore, shoreline indicators are used for a consistent representation of a shoreline. The most common shoreline indicators are the tidal datum (e.g., a specific elevation at the land-ocean boundary) and visually discernible features (e.g., a revetment structure, an erosion scarp, a previous high-tide high-water level, low-tide low-water level, or dune vegetation line, etc.) [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The shoreline is an indicator of the ecological health of coastal areas [3,[9][10][11]. In past decades, the development of mega-infrastructure projects in coastal areas for urbanization/industrialization has placed more stress on the coastal ecosystem and changed ocean hydrodynamics [12][13][14][15][16]. Unplanned coastal development coupled with the natural action of ocean processes has led to the increasing vulnerability of low lying coasta...

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