Soyoil-Ethanol Microemulsions as Diesel Fuel

Determination of Particulate and Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions from Diesel Engines Fueled with Biodiesel

“…The incomplete combustion may lead to more deposit formation, carbonization of injector tips, ring sticking, and lubricating oil contamination and degradation [68]. properties, such as viscosity, and the engine performance is similar to diesel fiiel [69,70].…”

Biofuels: Production Technologies, Global Profile, and Market Potentials

“…Nguyen et al (2010) have reported the successful use of water/oil microemulsions blended with PD in the ratio of 40 % in diesel engines without modification. Other studies (Lif and Holmberg 2006;Griffith et al 1990;Flanagan et al 2006;Goering et al 1983) have also tested the possibilities of using water/oil and aqueous alcohol/oil (oils from palm, soybean oil, etc.) microemulsions blended with PD as fuels in diesel engines mostly in the ratio range of 5-95 % microemulsion/PD.…”

A comparative study ofMesua ferreaL. based hybrid fuel with diesel fuel and biodiesel

“…The surfactants play a very important role in the development of some emulsified hybrid fuel by reducing the high oil viscosity. Two normally immiscible liquids (e.g., hydrophillic and lipophillic) can be converted to a thermodynamically stable colloidal equilibrium dispersion of optically isotropic fluid structure when suitable surfactants are used to sufficiently reduce the interfacial tension between the dispersed and continuous phases (Ali and Hanna, 1994;Goering et al, 1983;Salager et al, 2009). The advantages of an emulsion fuel are reductions in the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matters.…”