South China Sea throughflow impact on the Indonesian throughflow

Gordon, Arnold L.; Huber, Bruce A.; Metzger, E. Joseph; Susanto, R. Dwi; Hurlburt, Harley E.; Adi, Tukul Rameyo

doi:10.1029/2012gl052021

Cited by 217 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Due to the important role of the low salinity surface layer waters (coming from the SCS southward throughflow) on the ITF (Gordon et al, 2012), it is important to assess the SSS fields of INDO12.…”

Section: Sss: Comparisons With Aquarius and Argo Monthly Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an operational ocean model configuration at 1/12° spatial resolution for the Indonesian seas (NEMO2.3/INDO12) – Part 1: Ocean physics

et al. 2016

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Abstract. INDO12 is a 1/12 • regional version of the NEMO physical ocean model covering the whole Indonesian EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). It has been developed and is now running every week in the framework of the IN-DESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) project implemented by the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.The initial hydrographic conditions as well as openboundary conditions are derived from the operational global ocean forecasting system at 1/4 • operated by Mercator Océan. Atmospheric forcing fields (3-hourly ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast) analyses) are used to force the regional model. INDO12 is also forced by tidal currents and elevations, and by the inverse barometer effect. The turbulent mixing induced by internal tides is taken into account through a specific parameterisation. In this study we evaluate the model skill through comparisons with various data sets including outputs of the parent model, climatologies, in situ temperature and salinity measurements, and satellite data. The biogeochemical model results assessment is presented in a companion paper (Gutknecht et al., 2015).The simulated and altimeter-derived Eddy Kinetic Energy fields display similar patterns and confirm that tides are a dominant forcing in the area. The volume transport of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is in good agreement with the INSTANT estimates while the transport through Luzon Strait is, on average, westward but probably too weak. Compared to satellite data, surface salinity and temperature fields display marked biases in the South China Sea. Significant water mass transformation occurs along the main routes of the ITF and compares well with observations. Vertical mixing is able to modify the South and North Pacific subtropical water-salinity maximum as seen in T -S diagrams.In spite of a few weaknesses, INDO12 proves to be able to provide a very realistic simulation of the ocean circulation and water mass transformation through the Indonesian Archipelago. Work is ongoing to reduce or eliminate the remaining problems in the second INDO12 version.

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Section: Sss: Comparisons With Aquarius and Argo Monthly Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an operational ocean model configuration at 1/12° spatial resolution for the Indonesian seas (NEMO2.3/INDO12) – Part 1: Ocean physics

et al. 2016

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“…In the Makassar Strait, the seasonal mixing of surface waters is complex but reflects the relative contribution of source waters from (1) the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) originating from NEC and South Equatorial Current (SEC) surface and subsurface water, and (2) the South China Sea Throughflow, that enters the SCS from the Luzon Strait and exits it through the straits to the south (Qu et al 2004(Qu et al , 2006. The relative contribution of these two source waters alternate during the SE and NW monsoon ( Gordon et al 2012). Alternating mixing from tidal and Ekman pumping is extensive in the Indonesian Seas and changes the relative influence of NEC and SEC source waters that are transported through the Makassar Strait seasonally.…”

Section: Post-bomb Period 1954 To 1986mentioning

confidence: 99%

Upwelling of Pacific Intermediate Water in the South China Sea Revealed by Coral Radiocarbon Record

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT. Annual radiocarbon from a massive Porites lutea coral collected from Hon Tre Island, Vietnam, South China Sea (SCS) was analyzed over a~100-yr-long period from AD 1900 to 1986. The pre-bomb results from 1900-1953 show a steady Δ 14 C value of -54.4 ± 1.8‰ (n = 60). These values are similar to coral records located in the central and southern SCS and from Indonesian waters, but are lower than those from Japan. Following the input of anthropogenic bomb 14 C, our results show a sharp increase in Δ 14 C from 1960, reaching a peak value of 155.3‰ in 1973. The Hon Tre Island post-bomb Δ 14 C values are lower than those of other corals located in the SCS and Japan, but higher compared to those in the Indonesian Seas. This study infers a seasonal input of upwelled water depleted in 14 C from the deeper SCS basin that originates from the tropical Pacific via the Luzon Strait. The bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current feeds the surface and intermediate currents in the SCS and Makassar Strait region. However, unlike the Makassar site, this study's coral Δ 14 C does not receive lower 14 C water from the South Pacific Equatorial Current. The Vietnam record therefore represents a unique oceanographic position, reflecting the seasonal influence of older, deeper SCS waters that upwell periodically in this area and have modified the surface waters locally in this region over the last 100 yr.

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“…The net inflow is balanced by outflow through other channels, including the Taiwan Strait and the Mindoro Strait in the north and the Karimata Strait in the south. The southern outflow forms the so-called SCS throughflow, which interacts with the Indonesian throughflow (Gordon et al, 2012).…”

Section: Circulation and Hydrographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemistry and ecosystems of continental margins in the western North Pacific Ocean and their interactions and responses to external forcing – an overview and synthesis

et al. 2014

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Abstract. In this special issue we examine the biogeochemical conditions and marine ecosystems in the major marginal seas of the western North Pacific Ocean, namely, the East China Sea, the Japan/East Sea to its north and the South China Sea to its south. They are all subject to strong climate forcing as well as anthropogenic impacts. On the one hand, continental margins in this region are bordered by the world's most densely populated coastal communities and receive tremendous amount of land-derived materials. On the other hand, the Kuroshio, the strong western boundary current of the North Pacific Ocean, which is modulated by climate oscillation, exerts strong influences over all three marginal seas. Because these continental margins sustain arguably some of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world, changes in these stressed ecosystems may threaten the livelihood of a large population of humans. This special issue reports the latest observations of the biogeochemical conditions and ecosystem functions in the three marginal seas. The studies exemplify the many faceted ecosystem functions and biogeochemical expressions, but they reveal only a few longterm trends mainly due to lack of sufficiently long records of well-designed observations. It is critical to develop and sustain time series observations in order to detect biogeochemical changes and ecosystem responses in continental margins and to attribute the causes for better management of the environment and resources in these marginal seas.

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South China Sea throughflow impact on the Indonesian throughflow

Cited by 217 publications

References 35 publications

Evaluation of an operational ocean model configuration at 1/12° spatial resolution for the Indonesian seas (NEMO2.3/INDO12) – Part 1: Ocean physics

Evaluation of an operational ocean model configuration at 1/12° spatial resolution for the Indonesian seas (NEMO2.3/INDO12) – Part 1: Ocean physics

Upwelling of Pacific Intermediate Water in the South China Sea Revealed by Coral Radiocarbon Record

Biogeochemistry and ecosystems of continental margins in the western North Pacific Ocean and their interactions and responses to external forcing – an overview and synthesis

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