“…R&D may be more related to cooperation in more advanced countries while internal resources of the focal firm matter less for cooperation in less advanced countries; in those countries, the company may use cooperation for innovation as a substitute (Shrolec, 2011). Analyses for Belgium, Canada and Spain have found complementarities between internal R&D and cooperation for innovation (Bayona et al, 2001;Beneito, 2006;Cassiman and Veugelers, 2006;Schmidt, 2007;Segarra-Blasco and Arauzo-Carod, 2008). However, other studies find complementarities or substitution effects in some specific sectors or concerning some types of partners, and not others (Carboni, 2010;Miotti and Sachwald, 2003;Molero et al, 2009).…”