Sum m ary. The relation ship betw een intra-m etrop olitan location , research and develop m ent (R & D) and the outsou rcin g of prod uction is analysed to determ ine differen ces in, and the supportive character of, intra-m etrop olitan areas for high-tech nology prod uction. M adrid's electron ics industries have show n a rem ark able resilien ce, in the face of exten sive econ om ic restru cturing and the change in trad e regim es that has accom panied con tinental integra tion . M uch of the stren gth of the electron ics sector m ay have been due to the m etrop olitan area' s support for outsou rcin g, and the creative specialisation that it facilitat ed. The distrib ution of m anufactu ring estab lish m ents, their local sourcin g character istics, industrial district or agglomeration effects, and the role of R& D are evalu ated to determ ine the intra-m etrop olitan con text of prod uction . Exten sive statistic al analyses of the relation ship betw een R & D and prod uctive perform ance, w ith variou s indicators of cap ital, costs, reven ues and scale, are undertak en w ith estab lish m ent-level survey data. These analyses provid e con clusive evid ence of the in¯uence of intra-m etrop olitan location on R& D and intern al organ isation .
Abstract. Firms acquire external technological knowledge via different channels. In this paper we compare the technology sourcing via R&D outsourcing, R&D outsource offshoring, domestic cooperation for innovation and international cooperation for innovation of foreign subsidiaries and domestic firms. Because the different technology sourcing choices are potentially correlated we apply a multivariate probit specification which allows for systematic correlations among the different choices. The results show that the different technology sourcing choices are indeed interdependent and that foreign subsidiaries show a different pattern of external technology sourcing. Compared to affiliated domestic companies, foreign subsidiaries show a smaller propensity for external technology sourcing via R&D outsourcing from independent firms in the host country, for R&D outsource offshoring, and for international cooperation for innovation. In contrast, foreign subsidiaries show a greater propensity for domestic cooperation for innovation.
We explore whether current innovation has an enduring effect on future innovative activity in large, global food and beverage (F&B) companies. We analyze a sample of 16,698 patents granted in the United States over the period 1977 to 1994 to 103 F&B firms selected from the world's largest F&B multinationals. We test whether patent time series are trend stationary or difference stationary in order to detect how large the autoregressive parameter is and how enduring the impact of past innovation in these companies is. We conclude that the patent series are not consistent with the random walk model. The null hypothesis of a unit root can be rejected at the 5% level when a constant and a time trend are considered. Both utility and design patent series are stationary around a constant and a time trend. Moreover, there is a permanent component in the patent time series. Thus, global F&B firms show a stable pattern of technological accumulation in which “success breeds success.” “Old” innovators are the ones to foster both important changes and new ways of packaging products among F&B multinationals. The effect of past innovation is almost permanent. By contrast, other potential stimuli to technological change have only transitory effects on innovation. Patterns of technological accumulation vary in specific F&B industries. Past experience in design is important in highly processed foods and beverages, but not in agribusinesses and basic foodstuffs. Patterns of technological accumulation are similar in both smaller multinationals|newcomers and large, established multinationals. [EconLit citations : O330, F230, L660] © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial district typologies, the definition of "industrial district' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' districts, technology districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intradistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across district types. We present a model relating different types of industrial districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-technology district. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les réseaux de sous- traitants dans les districts industriels: l'électronique à Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction récente des typologies des districts industriels, la notion de "district industriel' va au- delà des districts classiques, à savoir spécialisés de façon souple et vulgarisés dans les études de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les études qui comparent des districts moins connus ou naissants à ces modèles. Dans la comparaison des districts industriels, une question importante à aborder a été la faible identification et la mesure peu méthodique de la connectivité interentreprise et des "réseaux'. Cet article cherche à avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systématique, pourtant relativement inexplorée, de la connectivité des districts, et qu'elle varie de façon uniforme quant à sa nature et à sa portée à travers une typologie de districts. On présente un modèle qui cherche à établir un rapport entre une typologie de districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance générale à la sous-traitance, à son orientation, à la solidité des rapports, à la motivation des producteurs quant à l'externalisation de la production, et à d'autres caractéristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modèle afin d'évaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un échantillon de producteurs dans l'électronique à Madrid, qui représente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weiterverge...
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