RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial district typologies, the definition of "industrial district' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' districts, technology districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intradistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across district types. We present a model relating different types of industrial districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-technology district. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les réseaux de sous- traitants dans les districts industriels: l'électronique à Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction récente des typologies des districts industriels, la notion de "district industriel' va au- delà des districts classiques, à savoir spécialisés de façon souple et vulgarisés dans les études de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les études qui comparent des districts moins connus ou naissants à ces modèles. Dans la comparaison des districts industriels, une question importante à aborder a été la faible identification et la mesure peu méthodique de la connectivité interentreprise et des "réseaux'. Cet article cherche à avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systématique, pourtant relativement inexplorée, de la connectivité des districts, et qu'elle varie de façon uniforme quant à sa nature et à sa portée à travers une typologie de districts. On présente un modèle qui cherche à établir un rapport entre une typologie de districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance générale à la sous-traitance, à son orientation, à la solidité des rapports, à la motivation des producteurs quant à l'externalisation de la production, et à d'autres caractéristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modèle afin d'évaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un échantillon de producteurs dans l'électronique à Madrid, qui représente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weiterverge...
In this paper we identify some sources of resilience in regional production districts (RPDs) faced with external shocks. We analyze Madrid's electronics district, which has managed to survive and prosper even after the turbulent period of the early 1990s when Spanish telecommunications services and product markets were liberalized. The study of structural changes alone in RPDs as they respond to external shocks may not sufficiently account for other important sources of some districts' resilience. Also playing important roles may be the conscious strategies of districts' leading firms. We study changes occurring after shock with quantitative data coming from surveys performed before and after telecommunications reform was implemented. Most other recent studies of change in RPDs compare instead the current situation with a qualitative description of the previous situation. We also build on previous empirical work, provide recent regional statistics, and compile information from the daily business press published over more than a decade. Anticipating the end of its various monopolies well in advance, the Spanish carrier Telefónica began searching for new growth opportunities as early as the mid-1980s. With Madrid's electronics district having evolved from a state-anchored district to an emerging high-technology district, Telefónica benefited from its production and development linkages there which confered a competitive advantage in winning foreign markets, especially in Latin America. Since the crisis, a process of reagglomeration has occurred in the district. Several large multinational suppliers of telecom equipment have relocated some of their production to Madrid and assigned greater importance to their R&D laboratories there.
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