Some design principles for immune system recognition

Perelson, Alan S.; Wiegel, F.W.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<29::aid-cplx6>3.3.co;2-d

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The explicit form of this function was calculated in Appendix I of 4 , using earlier results from 5 . The asymptotic form is found to be quite simple (4) We conclude that the average time until first contact between the lymphocyte and antigen is given by…”

Section: The Time To Find An Antigen In a Service Unitmentioning

confidence: 84%

Some Scaling Principles for the Immune System

Wiegel

Perelson

2004

Immunol Cell Biol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Using recent progress in biological scaling, we explore the way in which the immune system of an animal scales with its mass ( M ). It is shown that the number of cells in a single clone of B cells should scale as M and that the B-cell repertoire scales as ln ( cM ), where c is a constant. The time that a B cell needs to circulate once through the organism is shown to scale as M 1/4 ln ( cM ). It is suggested that the scaling of other cell populations in the immune system could be derived from these scaling relations for B cells.

show abstract

Section: The Time To Find An Antigen In a Service Unitmentioning

confidence: 84%

Some Scaling Principles for the Immune System

Wiegel

Perelson

2004

Immunol Cell Biol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A good example of this process is found in the immune system response (Perelson and Wiegel 1999;Segel and Cohen 2001;Pierre et al 1997). …”

Section: Nanotechnologymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…While biologists are increasingly looking to mathematical approaches and perspectives developed in physics and engineering, engineers are increasingly looking to biological systems for inspiration in designing artificial systems. Underlying these systems are a wealth of design principles in areas that include the biochemical networks (Gallagher and Appenzeller 1999;Service 1999;Normile 1999;Weng, Bhalla, and Iyengar 1999); immune systems (Perelson and Wiegel 1999;Segel and Cohen 2001;Pierre et al 1997) and neural systems (Anderson and Rosenfeld 1988;Bishop 1995;Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell 2000); and animal behaviors such as the swimming mechanisms of fish (Triantafyllou and Triantafyllou 1995) and the gaits of animals (Golubitsky et al 1999). These systems and architectures point to patterns of function that have a much higher robustness to failure and error and a higher adaptability than conventional human engineered systems.…”

Section: The Practical Needmentioning

confidence: 99%

Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance

Roco¹,

Bainbridge²

2003

340

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We stand at the threshold of a New Renaissance in science and technology, based on a comprehensive understanding of the structure and behavior of matter from the nanoscale up to the most complex system yet discovered, the human brain. Unification of science based on unity in nature and its holistic investigation will lead to technological convergence and a more efficient societal structure. In the early decades of the twenty-first century, concentrated effort can bring together nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new humane technologies based in cognitive science. With proper attention to ethical issues and societal needs, the result can be a tremendous improvement in human abilities, societal outcomes and quality of life.Rapid advances in convergent technologies have the potential to enhance both human performance and the nation's productivity. Examples of payoffs will include improving work efficiency and learning, enhancing individual sensory and cognitive capabilities, revolutionary changes in healthcare, improving both individual and group efficiency, highly effective communication techniques including brain to brain interaction, perfecting human-machine interfaces including neuromorphic engineering for industrial and personal use, enhancing human capabilities for defense purposes, reaching sustainable development using NBIC tools, and ameliorating the physical and cognitive decline that is common to the aging mind.This report addresses several main issues: What are the implications of unifying sciences and converging technologies. What should be done to achieve the best results over the next 10 to 20 years? What visionary ideas can guide research to accomplish broad benefits for humanity? What are the most pressing research and education issues? How can we develop a transforming national strategy to enhance individual capabilities and overall societal outcomes? These issues were discussed on December 3-4, 2001, at the workshop on Convergent Technologies to Improve Human Performance, and in contributions submitted after that meeting for this report.The phrase "convergent technologies" refers to the synergistic combination of four major "NBIC" (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno) provinces of science and technology, each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate: (a) nanoscience and nanotechnology; (b) biotechnology and biomedicine, including genetic engineering; (c) information technology, including advanced computing and communications; and, (d) cognitive science, including cognitive neuroscience.Accelerated scientific and social progress can be achieved by combining research methods and results across these provinces in duos, trios, and the full quartet. Figure 1 shows the NBIC tetrahedron, in which each field is represented by a vertex, each pair of fields by a line, each set of three fields by a surface, and the entire union of all four fields by the volume of the tetrahedron. This progress is expected to change the main societal paths, towards a more functional and coarser mesh instead ...

show abstract

“…Perelson and Wiegel (1999) and Wiegel and Perelson (2004). The right-hand side is proportional to the mass of the lymph node.…”

Section: The Lymph Nodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once an antigen has been detected in the drainage region of a lymph node it is transported to that node where both B and T cell clonal expansion will occur, as well as an intense “learning” process, in which the recognizing B cells will hypermutate their antigen-binding receptors selecting those that fit the antigen better for retention in the memory pool. In an earlier paper, we gave a mathematical description of this learning process (Perelson & Wiegel, 1999). Below, we try to identify those aspects of clonal expansion and immune learning that are sensitive to the mass of the animal.…”

Section: Are There Scaling Aspects Of Immune Learning?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling aspects of lymphocyte trafficking

Perelson

Wiegel

2009

Journal of Theoretical Biology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We consider the long lived pool of B and T cells that recirculate through blood, tissues and the lymphatic system of an animal with body mass M. We derive scaling rules (allometric relations) for:(1) the rate of production of mature lymphocytes; (2) the accumulation of lymphocytes in the tissues; (3) the flux of lymphocytes through the lymphatic system; (4) the number of lymph nodes, (5) the number of lymphocytes per clone within a lymph node, and (6) the total number of lymphocytes within a lymph node. Mass-dependent aspects of immune learning and of the immunological self are shown to be not very significant. Our treatment is somewhat heuristic and aims at a combination of immunological data with recent progress in biological scaling.

show abstract

Some design principles for immune system recognition

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Some Scaling Principles for the Immune System

Some Scaling Principles for the Immune System

Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance

Scaling aspects of lymphocyte trafficking

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About