Some Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Flame Retardancy

Reeves, Wilson A.; Perkins, Rita M.; Piccolo, Biagio; Drake, George L.

doi:10.1177/004051757004000304

Cited by 62 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Diammonium phosphate lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum rates of weight loss, and causes a higher amount of char [9]. In earlier research [10][11][12][13][14][15], better flammability resistance resulted from synergism of phosphorus and nitrogen and from urea or certain urea derivative compounds. [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cone calorimeter evaluation of two flame retardant cotton fabrics

2012

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SUMMARY Unbleached (gray) cotton needle‐punched nonwoven (NW) fabrics with 12.5% polypropylene scrim were treated with two phosphate–nitrogen‐based flame retardant (FR) formulations, Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC)‐1 and SRRC‐2. The SRRC‐1 formulation contains diammonium phosphate as the FR chemical along with urea and dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea. Because a trace amount of formaldehyde was still expected to be released from SRRC‐1‐treated FR cotton under high heat, it was preferable to eliminate the dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea, leading to the revised formulation SRRC‐2. It has a higher content of diammonium phosphate and did not use the polyethylene emulsion that was in SRRC‐1. Both formulations were of low cost as they were developed at SRRC using industrial grade chemicals. The fabrics were evaluated with a cone calorimeter using three heat flux levels, 20, 30, and 50 kW/m2. On the basis of the overall cone calorimeter results for heat released and ignition times, FR NW fabrics that were treated with SRRC‐2 were found to be slightly superior in flammability properties to those treated with the earlier SRRC‐1 formulation, but the differences were statistically insignificant. Both preparations were much less flammable than the untreated control cotton NW fabrics. Compared with the untreated NW fabrics, the FR fabrics had higher visible smoke production. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cone calorimeter evaluation of two flame retardant cotton fabrics

2012

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“…3 However, the relationship is quite complex, depending on the concentration and the structure of both phosphorus-and nitrogen-containing compounds. There is no general explanation of how or why nitrogen contributes to flame retardancy when used with phosphoruscontaining compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of nitrogen in nitrogen–phosphorus synergism

et al. 1982

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Thermal analysis and limiting oxygen index flammability tests were used for elucidation of details in phosphorous-nitrogen synergism in cotton modified with methylol phosphonopropionamide and subsequently hydrolyzed by acid. The results indicate that not d l the phosphorus incorporated into the material is effective for flame retardancy purposes in the condensed phase. The comparison of modified and acid hydrolyzed cotton has shown the important influence of nitrogen in the structure of the flame retardant. A simplified theory of nitrogen-phosphorus synergism, considering this influence, is proposed.

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“…Combinations of nitrogen compounds such as urea or methylolmelamine with acids such as phosphoric acid produce, upon exposure to flame, intumescent chars which tend to protect the underlying combustible substrate, because of their good thermal insulating character. Elemental analyses of char residues show that effective N-P combinations leave a P-N-O-thermally stable amorphous substance, in the residue [21,22]. Nitrogen acids could also form an acid char and nitrogen oxides may act as flame free-radical traps in the vapor phase.…”

Section: Synergistic and Additive Effects In The Flame Retardancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Finishing for Textiles

Rosace

Migani

Guido

et al. 2015

Engineering Materials

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State of the art and perspectives on chemicals and techniques which have been developed in textile finishing for conferring flame retardant properties to natural and synthetic fibres are discussed in this review. An overview on the mechanism of combustion and fire retardancy is reported as well as the chemistry of flame retardants action, the different available types and their uses. The chemistry of molecules used to improve fire retardancy is discussed along with their thermal stabilities and flame-retardant properties. Simplified assumptions about the gas and condensed phase processes of flaming combustion provide relationships between the chemical structure of polymers and fire behaviour, which can be used to design fire-resistant textile materials. Moreover, an overview of currently accepted test methods on textile fabrics to quantify burning behaviour is reported. Finally, as a consequence of increasing commercial demands in terms of costeffectiveness coupled with increasing concerns about the environmental and general toxicological character of flame retardant additives, some consideration is also given to both the novel approaches of the chemistry of antimony-free and halogenfree flame retardants and to attempts at increasing the efficiency of known chemistry to enhance char formation by intumescent action.

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Some Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Flame Retardancy

Cited by 62 publications

References 16 publications

Cone calorimeter evaluation of two flame retardant cotton fabrics

Cone calorimeter evaluation of two flame retardant cotton fabrics

The role of nitrogen in nitrogen–phosphorus synergism

Flame Retardant Finishing for Textiles

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