Water repellency was conferred to cotton and polyester fabrics by an hybrid organic-inorganic finishing obtained by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) under acidic conditions, in combination with melamine based crosslinking agent N,N,N 0 ,N 0 ,N 00 ,N 00 -hexakis(methoxymethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (MF). The application on textile samples was carried out by padding followed by drying and thermal treatment. Water-resistance properties were determined in terms of the contact angle, water uptake and drop adsorption times, whereas the surface composition of treated fabrics was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared analyses. Textile fabrics treated with the hybrid OTES-MF sol exhibited the best water-repellent properties, when compared to those treated with OTES or MF finishing alone. In particular, cotton and polyester samples, treated with a 60 g/L MF solution in a 1:4 MF:OTES molar ratio, showed a water contact angle of 130 and 150 , respectively. The high hydrophobicity of the treated fabrics is supposed to be due to the structural and stereochemical properties of the finishing. The presence of the MF triazine ring seems to favour both the improvement of the outward orientation of the OTES alkyl chains, and the crosslinking of N-methylol groups to form a threedimensional film around the fibres which increases the surface roughness. The contact angle values and the characteristic IR peaks confirmed the presence of the hybrid coating on cotton fabrics even after multiple washing cycles.
State of the art and perspectives on chemicals and techniques which have been developed in textile finishing for conferring flame retardant properties to natural and synthetic fibres are discussed in this review. An overview on the mechanism of combustion and fire retardancy is reported as well as the chemistry of flame retardants action, the different available types and their uses. The chemistry of molecules used to improve fire retardancy is discussed along with their thermal stabilities and flame-retardant properties. Simplified assumptions about the gas and condensed phase processes of flaming combustion provide relationships between the chemical structure of polymers and fire behaviour, which can be used to design fire-resistant textile materials. Moreover, an overview of currently accepted test methods on textile fabrics to quantify burning behaviour is reported. Finally, as a consequence of increasing commercial demands in terms of costeffectiveness coupled with increasing concerns about the environmental and general toxicological character of flame retardant additives, some consideration is also given to both the novel approaches of the chemistry of antimony-free and halogenfree flame retardants and to attempts at increasing the efficiency of known chemistry to enhance char formation by intumescent action.
In this paper, the procedure for the development of sol-gel silica coatings for the protection of cultural heritage textiles, using a multistep approach, is described. With this aim, Tetraethoxysilane precursor was used at two different concentrations to realize coatings onto textile samples, using Dibutyltindiacetate as polycondensation catalyst for sol-gel reactions. The relationship between the presence of the catalyst, the number of coating layers deposited on cotton fabrics, and the influence of such architecture on several properties of treated textiles, were investigated. In particular, the chemical structure of thin films and their morphology were studied by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The thermo-oxidative properties and the abrasion resistance of sol-gel treated cotton fabrics were studied, as well as the durability of the coatings after different washing cycles. Both silica coatings provided high adhesion onto cotton textiles, while the higher silica concentration resulted in higher thermal stability and washing fastness of treated fabrics. An enhancement in the washing fastness and abrasion resistance for the two different concentrations of precursor in the presence of the catalyst was also observed. All experimental findings demonstrated the efficiency of sol-gel based materials specifically tailored to the protection and preservation of cultural heritage textiles.
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