Flame Retardant Finishing for Textiles

Abstract

State of the art and perspectives on chemicals and techniques which have been developed in textile finishing for conferring flame retardant properties to natural and synthetic fibres are discussed in this review. An overview on the mechanism of combustion and fire retardancy is reported as well as the chemistry of flame retardants action, the different available types and their uses. The chemistry of molecules used to improve fire retardancy is discussed along with their thermal stabilities and flame-retardant properties. Simplified assumptions about the gas and condensed phase processes of flaming combustion provide relationships between the chemical structure of polymers and fire behaviour, which can be used to design fire-resistant textile materials. Moreover, an overview of currently accepted test methods on textile fabrics to quantify burning behaviour is reported. Finally, as a consequence of increasing commercial demands in terms of costeffectiveness coupled with increasing concerns about the environmental and general toxicological character of flame retardant additives, some consideration is also given to both the novel approaches of the chemistry of antimony-free and halogenfree flame retardants and to attempts at increasing the efficiency of known chemistry to enhance char formation by intumescent action.

Biomacromolecules and Bio-Sourced Products for the Design of Flame Retarded Fabrics: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives

“…Indeed, effectiveness, durability (i.e., resistance to environmental conditions), cost and comfort issues were the main targets of the performed research. Therefore, halogenated organic (mainly brominated and chlorinated), phosphorous and/or nitrogen-based and inorganic flame retardants have been fruitfully employed for providing fire resistance to different types of textiles, either natural or synthetic, as well as to their blends (such as cotton-polyester blends) [17,18]. Nonetheless, despite their effectiveness, some halogen-based products, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, decabromodiphenyl or pentabromodiphenyl ethers were recently banned by USA and EU communities, owing to their high toxicity for animals and human beings [19,20].…”

Electrospinning based on benign solvents: current definitions, implications and strategies

“…83 Therefore, the majority of modern approaches employs these naturally derived "green" biopolymers and minerals as stabilizers, which is additionally motivated by the desire to avoid potential mechanical weaknesses caused by the leaching of small-molecule surfactants. 84 While finding the right type and amount of emulsifiers to stabilize the emulsion is often a challenge in the ES of emulsions, the 2-phase composition gives rise to advantageous fibrous encapsulation structures. During fiber generation, a rapid viscosity increase occurs at the outer layer of the jet due to the higher evaporation rate of the solvent from the continuous phase gradually towards the core, displacing the dispersed second phase and effectively pushing it towards the center.…”

Impact of weft yarn type and fabric weft density on burning behavior, tearing strength and air permeability for different types of antibacterial drapery fabrics

“…Flame retardancy of textile materials are infl uenced by several factors such as raw material, weaving or knitting type, additives in the fi bre, yarn constructions, fabric constructions, treatment type, etc. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Some studies in the literature are related to imparting the fl ame retardancy properties to textile materials.…”