Somatic embryogenesis in oak (Quercus spp.)

Chalupa, V.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0491-3_5

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This was demonstrated in Castanea dentata (Carraway and Merkle, 1997), Juglans regia (Tulecke and McGranahan, 1985), Olea europaea (Rugini, 1988), Quercus spp. (Chalupa, 1995), Robinia pseudoacacia (Merkle and Wiecko, 1989), and in numerous conifer species (Tautorus et al, 1991). The formation of embryogenic tissues in explants from only one out of the four trees tested could be explained also by the hypothesis that genetic factors may be involved in determining the responsiveness of explants (MacKay et al, 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Plant regeneration of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) by somatic embryogenesis

Capuana

Petrini

Marco

et al. 2007

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant

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This is the first report on somatic embryogenesis in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Experiments on somatic embryogenesis induction were carried out on zygotic embryos at different phases of development and maturation. The embryo axes were isolated and cultured on media containing different plant growth regulators (PGRs). Embryogenic tissues were obtained from embryos collected at an incomplete maturation phase and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 8.8 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4.4 μM benzyl-adenine (BA). Embryos isolated from seeds at an advanced stage of maturation showed only organogenetic phenomena. Embryogenic tissues were successfully subcultured and multiplied on medium containing a reduced concentration of PGRs. After their isolation, somatic embryos were induced to develop and mature by transfer to PGR-free medium and subsequent culture on medium containing 0.1 μM BA. Somatic embryos developed completely and also germinated spontaneously. Embryo germination and conversion were significantly improved when subjected to a period of storage at 4°C and transplant onto woody plant medium. Plantlets were successfully transferred to soil and acclimatized in a "misted" greenhouse.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Plant regeneration of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) by somatic embryogenesis

Capuana

Petrini

Marco

et al. 2007

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant

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“…Recently there has been significant progress especially in Q. suber and Q. robur from more differentiated tissue such as leaves or stem segments (Fernandez-Guijarro et al, 1994, 1995Cuenca et al, 1999;Hernandez et al, 1999). Table 2 summarizes the species and the protocols.…”

Section: Culture Initiationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Various types of stresses, such as high sucrose and high agar content, sorbitol, application of ABA, desiccation or chilling treatments have been investigated to switch on the accumulation of storage products. Indeed significant progress has been made since the last review on SE in oak (Chalupa, 1995). Although the conversion frequencies have increased, the reported plantlet productions are still low.…”

Section: Maturation and Germinationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The transition of the normal somatic cell into an embryo-forming cell is the first step in the development of the somatic embryo. This can be produced directly without any intervening callus phase or indirectly from unorganized cell and Chalupa, 1987, 1990, 1995 Sharp et al (1980) only from cells which are pre-embryogenically determined (PEDCs). Indirect somatic embryogenesis occurs if certain cells of undifferentiated callus become committed to an embryogenic pathway.…”

Section: Culture Initiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Somatic embryogenesis in oak (Quercus spp.)

Wilhelm

2000

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant

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The present review summarizes the factors involved in controlling the process of oak somatic embryogenesis as a method for vegetative plant propagation and includes also data on artificial seed production, cryopreservation and transformation. One major limitation, the inability to initiate embryogenic cultures from mature trees, has been recently overcome. Leaves from selected cork oak trees with an age of 50 yr and more have been used to initiate somatic embryogenesis (SE) with a frequency of up to 20%. These findings offer encouraging prospects for cloning proven superior plant material and to integrate this propagation system into tree improvement programs. Once the process of SE has been initiated, the multiplication cycle proceeds via secondary embryogenesis, which can be maintained indefinitely. Problems are reported by the formation of anomalous embryos. The mutability of somatic embryogenic cell lines of various oak species has been monitored by flow cytometry and molecular markers. No somaclonal variation was detected applying random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) or amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, whereas DNAcontent measurements via flow cytometry revealed tetraploidy in some cell lines after several years of continuous subculture. Maturation and low germination frequencies are the main bottlenecks for a broader use of this technique. Recently attention has been on embryo quality and parameters for conversion capacity such as high endogenous cytokinin level and low abscisic acid (ABA) level. Although oak is probably the species that is the most well-developed system for a broadleaved forest tree, data on growth performances of somatic embryo-derived plants are rare.

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“…In oaks, induction of the embryogenic process from juvenile explants is generally not problematic, although induction with explants other than mature or immature zygotic embryos is much less efficient. Studies on somatic embryogenesis in different species of the genus Quercus, mostly induced from juvenile material, have been summarized in different reviews (Chalupa 1995;Manzanera et al 1996;Wilhelm 2000), but even since the last date, further progress has been reported in different oak species (Table 2).…”

Section: Somatic Embryogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of biotechnological tools to Quercus improvement

et al. 2011

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The genus Quercus, which belongs to the family Fagaceae, is native to the northern hemisphere and includes deciduous and evergreen species. The trees of the different species are very important from both economic and ecological perspectives. Application of new technological approaches (which span the fields of plant developmental biology, genetic transformation, conservation of elite germplasm and discovery of genes associated with complex multigenic traits) to these long-rotation hardwoods may be of interest for accelerating tree improvement programs. This review provides a summary of the advances made in the application of biotechnological tools to specific oak species. Significant progress has been made in the area of clonal propagation via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE). Standardized procedures have been developed for micropropagating the most important European (Q. robur, Q. petarea, Q. suber) and American (Q. alba, Q. bicolor, Q. rubra) oaks by axillary shoot growth. Although regenerated plantlets are grown in experimental trials, large-scale propagation of oak species has not been carried out. The induction of SE in oaks from juvenile explants is generally not problematic, although the use of explants other than zygotic embryos is much less efficient. During the last decade, enormous advances have been made in inducing SE from selected adult trees, mainly specimens of pedunculate oak (Q. robur) and cork oak (Q. suber). Advances in the understanding of the maturation and germination steps are required for better use of embryogenic process in clonal forestry. Quercus species are late-maturing and late-flowering, exhibit irregular seed set, and produce seeds that are recalcitrant to storage by conventional procedures. Vitrification-based cryopreservation techniques were used successfully in somatic embryos of pedunculate oak and cork oak, and an applied genbank of cork oak selected genotypes is now under development. The feasibility of genetic transformation of pedunculate oak and cork oak somatic embryos by means of co-culture techniques with several strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has also been demonstrated. To date, most research on the genomics of Quercus species has concerned population genetics. Approaches using functional genomics to examine the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control organogenesis and or somatic embryogenesis are still scarce, and efforts on the isolation and characterization of genes related to other specific traits should be intensified in the near future, as this would help improve the practical application of clonal forestry in recalcitrant species such as oaks.

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Somatic embryogenesis in oak (Quercus spp.)

Cited by 23 publications

References 47 publications

Plant regeneration of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) by somatic embryogenesis

Plant regeneration of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) by somatic embryogenesis

Somatic embryogenesis in oak (Quercus spp.)

Application of biotechnological tools to Quercus improvement

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