Solvents in Extraction of Tung Oil

Effect of Ecofriendly Bio-Based Solvents on Oil Extraction From Green Coffee Bean and Its Industrial Press Cake

“…Further, the solvent choice involves environmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues, which have led to the search of alternative solvents to hexane, which is inflammable and very toxic (Lusas et al, 1994;Wakelyn and Wan, 2005;Jérôme and Luque, 2017). Different types of solvents have been suggested as potential substitutes for hexane in order to overcome its shortcommings, such as ethanol (alcohol) (Hron, Koltun and Graci, 1982;Rittner, 1992), acetone (ketone) (Wan and Wakelyn, 1997), and ethyl acetate (ester) (Freeman et al,1943;Madaus et al, 1983), which can all be considered as bio-based (derived from feestock and have the potential to replace fossil fuel based solvents and which are inherently renewable produced from biomass sources and so called, biorenewable) solvents (Pena-Pereira and Tobiszewski, 2017). The importance of finding a wide variety of solvents with different functionality is a major point, as solvent applications can vary significantly (Jessop, 2011;Pena-Pereira and Tobiszewski, 2017).…”

“…The importance of finding a wide variety of solvents with different functionality is a major point, as solvent applications can vary significantly (Jessop, 2011;Pena-Pereira and Tobiszewski, 2017). Ethanol (Hron et al, 1982), as well as acetone (Weizmann fermentation process) (Weizmann and Hamlyn, 1920;Austin, 1998;Wintgens, 2008) and ethyl acetate (Freeman et al, 1943) can be obtained from bioprocesses and, thus, be considered bio-based and biorenewable solvents. Ethanol is a valuable alternative to be studied, because, although flammable, it is recognized as non-toxic and presents greater industrial safety (Hron et al, 1982;Rittner, 1992;FDA, CDER and CBER, 2017) compared to hexane.…”

“…Acetone can replace ethanol in the extraction, be easily concentrated by rectification, can reduce energy consumption up to 25% by the use of recirculation techniques, phosphatides and gums are insoluble in it remaining with the meal and can remove antinutritional factors, such as aflatoxins and gossypol as well as ethanol (Hron et al, 1982). Ethyl acetate has been widely studied as a potential solvent to extract oil (Freeman, Pack and McKinney, 1943;Madaus, Gorler and Molls, 1983) as it is rated as a moderate fire hazard, noncarcinogen, and low health hazard (Arendt and Langley, 1995;Langley and Finelt, 1997). Besides the type of solvent, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, particle size, and agitation are important parameters for the extraction of solids from food or plant matrices.…”