Soft drink consumption and excess weight gain in Australian school students: results from the Nepean study

Tam, Charmaine S.; Garnett, Sarah P.; Cowell, Chris; Campbell, Karen; Cabrera, Georgina A; Baur, Louise A.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803328

Cited by 80 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Likewise, in a group of non-Hispanic white girls that examined SSB intake at age 5 y, but not milk or fruit juice, predicted increases in % body fat, WC and prevalence of overweight from age 5 to 15 y (33). Similar findings were also demonstrated by Tam et al, in a small group of Australian children, where intake of soft drinks at 8 y, but not fruit juice or milk, was associated with subsequent 5 y excess weight gain (34).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study

et al. 2013

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, B. L. (2014). Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68, Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på www.nature.com: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/ejcn.2013.243 This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at www.nature.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.243Miaobing Jazzmin Zheng 1 Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study. AbstractBackground: Limiting sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption has been widely acknowledged as a primary strategy for obesity prevention in children and adolescents. In particular, finding suitable alternatives for SSB is an important public health issue. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between different types of beverage intake and 6 y changes in body fatness, and to evaluate the effects of substituting water, coffee/tea, milk, and 100% fruit juice for SSB. Design: A cohort of 9-year-old children (n=358) who participated in the Danish part of the European Youth Heart Study was followed for development in fatness over 6-y. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the association between beverage consumption at baseline and change in body fatness (body mass index (BMI) z-score), waist circumference (WC), and sum of four skinfolds (Σ4SF)) over 6-y with adjustment for potential confounders. Substitution models were used to evaluate the effects of substituting various beverages for SSB, controlling for total beverage intake, energy from non-beverage sources, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and pubertal status. Results: Intake of SSB at age 9 y, but not other beverages, was directly associated with subsequent 6-y changes in BMI z-score (β=0.05, P=0.02) and Σ4SF (β=0.86, P=0.02). Substitution of 100g water for 100g SSB was inversely associated with changes in BMI z-score (β= -0.04, P=0.02), WC (β= -0.29, P=0.04) and Σ4SF (β= -0.91, P=0.02) over 6-y. Substitution of 100g milk for 100g SSB was also inversely associated with changes in BMI z-score (β= -0.05, P=0.02), WC (β= -0.33, P=0.046) and Σ4SF (β= -0.79, P=0.06). An inverse association was also found between change in WC and substitution of 100g coffee/tea for 100g SSB (β= -0.74, P=0.03). No effect was observed for substitution of SSB by 100% fruit juice. Conclusions: Our results suggest SSB intake is associated with long term change in body fatness in children, and replacing SSB with water and milk, but not 100% fruit juice, has a beneficial effect on body fatness development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study

et al. 2013

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“…following the same group of people over time to see whether those with higher sweetened beverage intake gained more weight). Sixteen (59,61,62,64,(66)(67)(68)(70)(71)(72)(74)(75)(76)78,81,82) of the longitudinal studies reported a statistically significant positive association and eight reported no significant association between one or more categories of sweetened beverage intake and a measure of adiposity. Twelve of the sixteen longitudinal studies (59,62,64,(66)(67)(68)(70)(71)(72)75,76,81,82) that found a positive association received the highest quality 'plus' rating, compared to only three of the eight studies that did not detect a significant association.…”

Section: Secular Trends In Sweetened Beverage Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic?

Woodward-Lopez

Kao

Ritchie

2010

Public Health Nutr.

154

131

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Objective: A systematic literature review was conducted to determine whether sweetened beverage intake increases the risk for obesity, and the extent to which it has contributed to recent increases in energy intake and adiposity in the USA. Design: The search included studies published between 1970 and 2010 that examined secular trends, mechanisms, observational associations and intervention outcomes. Observational and intervention studies were abstracted and systematically evaluated for quality. Setting: Trends in obesity prevalence in the USA and studies from industrialized (developed) countries were included. Subjects: Studies were included for all ages, genders, ethnic and socio-economic groups for which data were available. Results: Obesity rates and sweetened beverage intake have increased in tandem in the USA. Studies consistently show that higher intake of sweetened beverages is associated with higher energy intake. Energy in liquid form is not well compensated for by reductions in the intake of other sources of energy. Well-designed observational studies consistently show a significant positive relationship between sweetened beverage intake and adiposity. More importantly, several well-conducted randomized controlled trials have shown statistically significant changes in adiposity as a result of corresponding changes in sweetened beverage intake. Conclusions: All lines of evidence consistently support the conclusion that the consumption of sweetened beverages has contributed to the obesity epidemic. It is estimated that sweetened beverages account for at least one-fifth of the weight gained between 1977 and 2007 in the US population. Actions that are successful in reducing sweetened beverage consumption are likely to have a measurable impact on obesity.

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“…68 Reporting an observational study of 268 children born in western Sydney (the Nepean Study), Tam et al found increased sweet drink intakes did not displace milk consumption. 69 But noting the already low milk intake of Australian children in the 1995 ANN Study, 28 the increased sweet drink intake without milk displacement may actually reflect displacement of other fluids consumed, such as water.…”

Section: Consumption Of Sweet Drinks Juices and Milk By Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…99 A longitudinal study of 268 Australian children found no correlation between BMI and carbohydrate intake from fruit juice or milk, but soft drink or cordial intake at age 8 years was associated statistically with excess weight gain five years later. 69 A study of 1944 children aged 4-12 years in south-western Victoria found those regularly drinking sweet drinks, and those who had drunk more than two serves of juice, cordial or soft drink on the day prior to the survey day, were twice as likely to be overweight or obese. 100 Current research on associations between childhood obesity and caries suggests a relationship between obesity per se and increased caries prevalence.…”

Section: Sweet Drinks and General Health Of Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary fluid intake and dental caries in Australian children

Messer

2011

Australian Dental Journal

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In Australia, caries experience of 6-year-old and 12-year-old children has increased since the mid to late 1990s. Previously, caries rates had declined, attributable to community water fluoridation. The recent caries increase has been attributed speculatively to changes in fluid intake, including increased consumption of sweet drinks and bottled waters. Increasing urbanization and globalization have altered children's diets worldwide, promoting availability and access to processed foods and sweet drinks. Studies in Australia and internationally have demonstrated significant associations between sweet drink intake and caries experience. Despite widespread fluoride availability in contemporary Australian society, the relationship between sugar consumption and caries development continues and restricting sugar intake remains key to caries prevention. Caries risk assessment should be included in treatment planning for all children; parents should be advised of their child's risk level and given information on oral health promotion. Readily-implemented caries risk assessment tools applicable to parents and clinicians are now available. Public health information should increase awareness that consuming sweet drinks can have deleterious effects on the dentition as well as the potential for promoting systemic disease. Restricting sales of sweet drinks and sweet foods and providing healthy food and drinks for purchase in schools is paramount.

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Soft drink consumption and excess weight gain in Australian school students: results from the Nepean study

Cited by 80 publications

References 8 publications

Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study

Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study

To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic?

Contemporary fluid intake and dental caries in Australian children

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