To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic?

Woodward-Lopez, Gail; Kao, Janice; Ritchie, Lorrene D.

doi:10.1017/s1368980010002375

Cited by 154 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…The list of studies within each review is presented in Supplementary Tables 3-5 (see online supplementary material at http://www.liebertpub .com). All reviews concluding that there was a direct association between SSB intake and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in children and adolescents included longitudinal studies, eight included intervention studies, 18,26,27,[29][30][31][32]34 and four included cross-sectional studies as well. 26,29,31,34 Among the four reviews that did not find a direct association between SSB intake and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in children and adolescents, all included intervention studies, 14,25,33,35 two further included longitudinal studies, 25,35 and one also included cross-sectional studies 25 ( Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five reviews 14,18,27,28,31 did not state their source of funding, six 26,29,30,[32][33][34] were publicly funded, and two 25,35 were funded by the industry. Conflict of interest was not reported in six reviews, 18,25,28,29,31,34 authors of five reviews 26,27,30,32,35 reported not having any conflict of interest, and authors of two reviews 14,33 reported having conflict of interest (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

2015

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Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased worldwide and has reached alarming proportions. Currently, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the primary source of added sugar in the diet of children and adolescents. Contradictive findings from studies and reviews have fueled an endless debate on the role of SSBs in the development of childhood obesity.Methods: The primary aim of the present review of reviews was to assess how review-and study-level methodological factors explain conflicting results across reviews and meta-analyses by providing an up-to-date synthesis of recent evidence regarding the association between SSB consumption and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in a population of 6-month-old to 19-year-old children and adolescents. The secondary aim was to assess the quality of included reviews using the Assessment of Multiple SysTemAtic Reviews (AMSTAR) measurement tool. Systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses were included. The literature search was performed through the platforms Pubmed/Medline, Cinahl, and Web of Knowledge.Results: Thirteen reviews and meta-analyses were included. Nine reviews concluded that there was a direct association between SSBs and obesity in children and adolescents and four others did not. The quality of the included reviews was low to moderate, and the two reviews with the highest quality scores showed discrepant results.Conclusions: The majority of reviews concluded that there was a direct association between SSB consumption and weight gain, overweight, and obesity in children and adolescents. However, recent evidence from well-conducted meta-analyses shows discrepant results regarding the association between SSB and weight gain, overweight, and obesity among children and adolescents. Improving methodological quality of studies and reviews as well as ensuring responsible conduct of research and scientific integrity is essential for the provision of objective results.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

2015

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“…18 SSB intake is associated with dental caries, increased energy intake, overweight, obesity, and is an independent risk factor for diabetes and heart disease. [18][19][20][21][22] Health effect studies on energy drinks find caffeine consumption by youth associated with cardiac abnormalities, caffeine toxicity, and diabetes. 15,17 …”

Section: Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,18 To induce sales and impulse purchases, retail establishments use price discounts and locate products in check-out aisles, in 'special displays', and at the end of aisles. 23,24 The price of SSBs has not kept up with inflation, for decades remaining consistently below the consumer price index.…”

Section: Retail Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced policy options to regulate sugar-sweetened beverages to support public health

Pomeranz

2011

J Public Health Pol

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Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased worldwide. As public health studies expose the detrimental impact of SSBs, consumer protection and public health advocates have called for increased government control. A major focus has been on restricting marketing of SSBs to children, but many innovative policy options -legally defensible ways to regulate SSBs and support public health -are largely unexplored. We describe the public health, economic, and retail marketing research related to SSBs (including energy drinks). We review policy options available to governments, including mandatory factual disclosures, earmarked taxation, and regulating sales, including placement within retail and food service establishments, and schools. Our review describes recent international initiatives and classifies options available in the United States by jurisdiction (federal, state, and local) based on legal viability.

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“…Although consumption of SSB is not the only cause of obesity, it is strongly linked to increased energy intake (11) and weight gain in both adults and children due to the high sugar content in these drinks. A 330 ml can of carbonated soft drink in South Africa contains an average of 40 g of sugar and the same size of sweetened fruit juice approximately 45 g of sugar.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost of inaction on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: implications for obesity in South Africa

Tugendhaft

Manyema

Veerman

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To estimate the effect of increased sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption on future adult obesity prevalence in South Africa in the absence of preventive measures. Design: A model was constructed to simulate the effect of a 2·4 % annual increase in SSB consumption on obesity prevalence. The model computed the change in energy intake assuming a compounding increase in SSB consumption. The population distribution of BMI by age and sex was modelled by fitting measured data from the 2012 South African National Income Dynamics Survey to the log-normal distribution and shifting the mean values. Setting: Over the past decade the prevalence of obesity and related noncommunicable diseases has increased in South Africa, as have the sales and availability of SSB. Soft drink sales in South Africa are projected to grow between 2012 and 2017 at an annual compounded growth rate of 2·4 % in the absence of preventive measures to curb consumption. Results: A 2·4 % annual growth in SSB sales alongside population growth and ageing will result in an additional 1 287 000 obese adults in South Africa by 2017, 22 % of which will be due to increased SSB consumption. Conclusions: In order to meet the South African target of reducing the number of people who are obese and/or overweight by 10 % by 2020, the country cannot afford to delay implementing effective population-wide interventions. In the face of plans to increase growth of SSB, the country will soon face even greater challenges in overcoming obesity and related non-communicable diseases. KeywordsCost Sugar-sweetened beverages Obesity Modelling South Africa South Africa has the highest prevalence of obesity in sub-Saharan Africa. In the past decade (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) this has increased among men by 2 % from 9 to 11 % and among women by 12 % from 27 to 39 % (1,2) . Simultaneously, the sales and availability of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) have increased alongside all categories of packaged and fast foods (3) . Excess sugar consumption is associated with weight gain and an increased risk for noncommunicable diseases (NCD) including CVD, type 2 diabetes and cancer, which account for 27 % of all deaths in the country (4)(5)(6)(7) . NCD place significant financial strain on families and on the country. Moderate obesity (BMI = 30-35 kg/m 2 ) is associated with an 11 % increase in health-care costs and severe obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m 2 ) with a 23 % increase (8) . Obesity and its associated diseases and ailments also negatively impact the workplace by increasing turnover, absenteeism and worker compensation claims, and decreasing productivity (9) .While all foods high in sugar have a harmful effect on the body, liquid sugar in the form of SSB is rich in energy, but poor in other nutritional content, and has a negligible impact on satiety (10) . Although consumption of SSB is not the only cause of obesity, it is strongly linked to increased energy intake (11) and weight gain in both adults and children due to the high suga...

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To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic?

Cited by 154 publications

References 103 publications

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Obesity among Children and Adolescents: A Review of Systematic Literature Reviews

Advanced policy options to regulate sugar-sweetened beverages to support public health

Cost of inaction on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: implications for obesity in South Africa

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