Sodium MRI of human articular cartilage <i>in vivo</i>

Reddy, Ravinder; Insko, Erik K.; Noyszewski, Elizabeth A.; Dandora, Rahul; Kneeland, J. Bruce; Leigh, John S.

doi:10.1002/mrm.1910390505

Cited by 206 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Following the imaging experiments, the tissue and PG depletion media were subjected to standard dimethylmethylene blue PG assay. A high correlation (slope ¼ 0.89 and r 2 ¼ 0.81) between the FCD measure- (27).…”

Section: Sodium Mri Of Cartilage Fixed Charge Density (Fcd)mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Prominent in these are: proton-based methods such as T 2 relaxation mapping (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), delayed gadoliniumenhanced magnetic resonance imaging contrast (dGEM-RIC) (21,22), T 1r relaxation mapping (23)(24)(25)(26) and the direct MRI of sodium (27)(28)(29)(30). T 2 is predominantly affected by changes in collagen content and to a smaller extent in PG in the tissue.…”

Section: Osteoarthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single and multiple quantum sodium NMR has been used extensively to study various biological tissues such as brain (89,90,104,(116)(117)(118)(119)(120), breast (121) heart (122)(123)(124)(125)(126)(127)(128), muscle (129,130), tumors (131)(132)(133), blood (122) and cartilage (27,93,(134)(135)(136) and reviewed in several articles (86,87,91,108,119,(137)(138)(139)(140)(141). In this review, however, we restrict our discussion to sodium NMR of cartilage.…”

Section: Multiple Quantum Filtered (Mqf) Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low-resolution sodium MRI was acquired from human knee in vivo (149) at 1.5 T. Reddy et al (27) were the first to demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring a highresolution (voxel size of 6.25 ml) three-dimensional data set of sodium images of the knee of healthy human volunteers with excellent SNR (16:1) at 4 T (Figure 8). Sodium images were also compared with corresponding proton images to demonstrate the differences in tissue contrast.…”

Section: Sodium Mri Of Cartilage Fixed Charge Density (Fcd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods that are promising in detection of ordered sodium ions include quadrupolar filter by nutation (QFN) (115). QFN exploits the dependence of quadrupolar interaction on nutation frequencies to suppress isotropic sodium and detect the central transition of ordered sodium.Single and multiple quantum sodium NMR has been used extensively to study various biological tissues such as brain (89,90,104,(116)(117)(118)(119)(120), breast (121) heart (122-128), muscle (129,130), tumors (131-133), blood (122) and cartilage (27,93,(134)(135)(136) and reviewed in several articles (86,87,91,108,119,(137)(138)(139)(140)(141). In this review, however, we restrict our discussion to sodium NMR of cartilage.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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In this article, both sodium magnetic resonance (MR) and T 1r relaxation mapping aimed at measuring molecular changes in cartilage for the diagnostic imaging of osteoarthritis are reviewed. First, an introduction to structure of cartilage, its degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) and an outline of diagnostic imaging methods in quantifying molecular changes and early diagnostic aspects of cartilage degeneration are described. The sodium MRI section begins with a brief overview of the theory of sodium NMR of biological tissues and is followed by a section on multiple quantum filters that can be used to quantify both bi-exponential relaxation and residual quadrupolar interaction. Specifically, (i) the rationale behind the use of sodium MRI in quantifying proteoglycan (PG) changes, (ii) validation studies using biochemical assays, (iii) studies on human OA specimens, (iv) results on animal models and (v) clinical imaging protocols are reviewed. Results demonstrating the feasibility of quantifying PG in OA patients and comparison with that in healthy subjects are also presented. The section concludes with the discussion of advantages and potential issues with sodium MRI and the impact of new technological advancements (e.g. ultra-high field scanners and parallel imaging methods). In the theory section on T 1r , a brief description of (i) principles of measuring T 1r relaxation, (ii) pulse sequences for computing T 1r relaxation maps, (iii) issues regarding radio frequency power deposition, (iv) mechanisms that contribute to T 1r in biological tissues and (v) effects of exchange and dipolar interaction on T 1r dispersion are discussed. Correlation of T 1r relaxation rate with macromolecular content and biomechanical properties in cartilage specimens subjected to trypsin and cytokineinduced glycosaminoglycan depletion and validation against biochemical assay and histopathology are presented. Experimental T 1r data from osteoarthritic specimens, animal models, healthy human subjects and as well from osteoarthritic patients are provided. The current status of T 1r relaxation mapping of cartilage and future directions is also discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS: cartilage; arthritis; spin-lock; T1rho; sodium; MRI OSTEOARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than half of the population above the age of 65 (1,2) and has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of elderly individuals (3). The economic costs in the USA from OA have been estimated to be more than 1% of the gross domestic product (4). OA is now increasingly viewed as a metabolically active joint disorder of diverse etiologies. The biochemistry of the disease is characterized by the following changes in cartilage: reduced proteoglycan (PG) concentration, possible changes in the size of collagen fibril and aggregation of PG, increased water content and increased rate of synthesis and degradation of matrix macromolecules. The earliest changes in the cartilage due to OA result in a partial breakdown in the proteoglyc...

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Section: Sodium Mri Of Cartilage Fixed Charge Density (Fcd)mentioning

confidence: 93%