Socioeconomic determinants of health and COVID-19 in Mexico

Abstract

Introduction:The population living in conditions of poorness has a heavier pathological burden than social strata with better economic possibilities. Objective: To determine the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on COVID-19 morbidity, mortality and lethality in municipalities and states of Mexico. Methods: Morbidity, mortality and lethality associated with COVID-19 were analyzed according to the human development index and its indicators, and type of population. Descriptive statistical analyses, correlations between developmental variables and morbidity, mortality and lethality, association tests and hierarchical groupings were carried out. Results: Positive correlations were observed between morbidity and mortality and the human development index; COVID-19 fatality increased as the values of said index decreased. There was a significantly higher risk of elevated mortality in localities with moderate and low development, and in those with less than 49,999 inhabitants. The main factors associated with fatality were lack of access to health services, income vulnerability and social deprivation. Conclusions:The evidence generated should lead to decisions aimed at improving the quality of life of the population with social deprivations and vulnerabilities, which needs to be protected against the consequences of current COVID-19 pandemic.

Measuring the Impact of Future Outbreaks? A Secondary Analysis of Routinely Available Data in Spain

“…In another study, cultural dimensions were related to COVID-19 measures only when socio-economic indicators were not considered but lost their significance when socio-economic variables were entered into the models [ 32 ]. As in our study, other authors suggest more outcome variables such as excess mortality as well as the impact on the economy and citizens’ freedom should be considered [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

COVID-19 mortality and deprivation: pandemic, syndemic, and endemic health inequalities

“… 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 126 For example, de Souza and colleagues 97 (up to May 6, 2020) and Silva and Ribeiro-Alves 101 (up to May 23, 2020) found that people living in high-income areas were more at risk of COVID-19 infection, but those living in more deprived areas had higher death rates. Studies from Chile, 104 Columbia, 105 and Mexico 106 , 107 all observed positive associations between indicators of social disadvantage and COVID-19 mortality rates. For example, Benita and Gasca-Sanchez 106 examined COVID-19 deaths at the municipality level in Mexico from June 1 to Aug 22, 2020, and found that income inequality was strongly associated with mortality.…”

“…91% (86 of 95) of the studies 20 , 21 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , ...…”