COVID-19 mortality and deprivation: pandemic, syndemic, and endemic health inequalities

War, inflation, winter, and the pandemic: The WIWP syndemic in the northern hemisphere

“…Most studies suggest that mortality from Covid‐19 was higher in places inhabited by the poorest, least educated people, where there are more ethnic minorities. We find this trend in a number of regions of the world and it matches what we know about many other diseases 8 …”

“…We find this trend in a number of regions of the world and it matches what we know about many other diseases. 8 The logical conclusion from this evidence is that age and other associated diseases are actually not enough to define Covid-19 risk groups. Housing conditions, including heating, diet, money to buy medicines, literacy and access to health care are decisive to people's health and wellbeing and this also applies to Covid-19.…”

Which Curve Are We Flattening? The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 Among Economically Marginalized Communities in Ontario, Canada, Was Unchanged From Wild-Type to Omicron

“…Future work would continue to benefit from rigorously evaluating and teasing apart the impact of various interventions on not just the overall magnitude of hospitalizations and deaths, but on the differential impact across subgroups [ 12 ] and contexts: answering questions about who benefited from various strategies and interventions and how and why they worked (ie, the pathways by which direct and indirect benefits accrued). It has been well-established in Canada and across countries [ 9 , 10 , 13 ] that differential exposure risks to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and subsequent mortality, were amplified at the intersections of household crowding and size [ 11 , 14 ], workplace exposures [ 15 , 16 ], and systemic barriers to prevention and care (including access to therapeutics; see [ 17–19 ]). Our findings should not be interpreted as though the public health measures, strategies, and interventions did not work, as evidence points to large, overall prevention in COVID-19 deaths [ 20 ].…”

COVID-19 and deprivation amplification: An ecological study of geographical inequalities in mortality in England

“…Geographical inequalities in COVID-19 have also been extensively studied ( Welsh et al , 2021 ; McGowan and Bambra, 2022 ) and research in various global contexts has found that the more economically and socially deprived neighbourhoods, municipalities and regions have fared worse ( Bambra et al, 2020b ; Welsh et al , 2021 ; Chen and Krieger, 2021 ; Morrissey et al , 2021 ; McGowan and Bambra, 2022 ). For example, research in the USA found that the most deprived counties suffered up to twice the mortality rates of the least deprived counties in the first wave ( Chen and Krieger, 2021 ).…”

“…However, geographical research has examined either neighbourhood-, municipality- or regional-level inequalities ( McGowan and Bambra, 2022 ) . There has been little exploration of the potential interactions between these different geographical scales in terms of shaping inequalities in the pandemic (notable exceptions include Griffith et al, 2021 in relation to the first wave of 2020 and Harris, and Brunsdon, 2021 in relation to the relative exposure of ethnic minority communities).…”