Socio-environmental factors and diarrheal diseases in under five-year old children in the state of Tocantins, Brazil

Abstract

BackgroundDiarrhea is a waterborne disease that affects children, especially those under 5 years of age. The objective of this study was to identify the spatial patterns of distribution of diarrheal disease in under 5-year-old children in the State of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2008 to 2013.MethodsGeoprocessing tools were used to carry out an epidemiological study, to prepare thematic maps in the TerraView 4.2.2 software based on secondary data. General indicators of the disease, presence of spatial dependence through the Global Moran’s Index (I) and the Spatial Association Index (LISA) were described.ResultsThere were 3,015 cases of under 5-year-old children hospitalized for diarrhea, with an average annual rate (AAR) of 4.10/1,000 inhabitants (inhab.). Among the main characteristics were: increasing rates in under 1-year-old children (6.16 to 9.66/1,000 inhabitants); children aged 1 to 4 full years (63%); males (55%); 8 deaths of under one-year-old children (75%); county of Araguaína (67%); incidence in the county of Nazaré (63.97/1,000 inhab.); prevalence and incidence in the Araguaína microregion (45%, AAR 9.38/1,000 inhab.). The presence of a cluster with spatial autocorrelation was found in the Araguaína microregion, which was statistically significant (I = 0.11, p-value < 0.03), with priority of intervention (Moran Map).ConclusionsThere was an increase in the number of hospitalizations for diarrhea in under 5–year-old children in the state of Tocantins. The spatial analysis identified clusters of priority areas for measures of maintenance and control of diarrheal diseases.

Epidemiological aspects and spatial patterns of human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

“…After the descriptive analysis of data, we estimated global and local Moran's I indices (Local Indicators of Spatial Association -LISA), which estimate the spatial correlation and local selfcorrelation by helping to identify sub-regions with the occurrence of spatial self-correlation. We used a first-order neighbourhood criterion to concretize calculations, in which the cities defined as neighbours were those in the borders (Barbosa and Werneck, 2011;Fontoura et al, 2016). Moran's I global index is defined between −1 and 1, in a way that values close to 0 suggest absence of spatial correlation or randomness and next to 1, positive spatial dependence with more similarity between the adjacent cities (grouping).…”

“…Data available between 2006 and 2015 were analysed in order to observe a potential overlap between HVL (Fontoura et al, 2016). It was defined in quantiles (form in which the classes are divided, each one receives the same number of occurrences), because this is the best configuration to represent data using the intervals: 0,0 for absence of cases; >0,1 to 5,0, very low; >5,0 to 10,0, low; >10,0 to 20,0, medium; >20,0, high (this format was used to classify the gross rate per 100 000 residents).…”

“…The generation of LISA map showed clusters of HVL and CVL cases, suggesting places with higher and lower need of interventions, in which 0 indicated non-significant (P > 0.05) that showed inexistence of self-correlation; 1 had low self-correlation, with a 95% confidence level (P = 0.05); 2, medium self-correlation and 99% confidence (P = 0.01); and 3 indicated existence of high selfcorrelation and 99.9% (P = 0.001) (Barbosa et al, 2014;Carvalho and Nascimento, 2014;Fontoura et al, 2016).…”

Identifying Infectious Diarrhea Hot spots and Associated Socioeconomic Factors in Anhui Province, China

“…6 In particular, spatial analyses had shown that childhood diarrhea did not occur randomly but rather clustered spatially in different geographical locations. 3,7,8 Sociodemographic variables, 9 personal hygiene, 10 and environmental and climatic changing [11][12][13] were considered to be the relevant factors for incidence of diarrhea. As time and space changes, the burden of diarrheal diseases on the health-care system continues to be a significant topic.…”

Diarrea persistente en la población infantil

“…Los autores hallaron una mayor concentración de microorganismos fecales en áreas con escasa infraestructura sanitaria. Similares resultados fueron publicados por Fontoura et al, (2018) en niños con diarrea de barrios marginales de Brasil.…”