Socio‐economic and environmental effects influencing the development of leprosy in Bahia, north‐eastern Brazil

Cabral-Miranda, William; Neto, Francisco Chiaravalloti; Barrozo, Lígia Vizeu

doi:10.1111/tmi.12389

Cited by 50 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Seven studies 10,19,20,23,32,33,36,38 evaluated the NCDR indicator of individuals under 15 years of age, 3 evaluated the disability-degree indicator 19,20,22 and one article explored the spatial distribution of mortality due to leprosy 18 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these indicators, the most used data source was the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Two of the articles used the Gini index 17,23 as a measure of inequality. Regarding demographic conditions, population density was studied (on the scales of neighborhoods and census sectors), as well as the level of urbanization.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 show the articles' summaries according to the scale used: two evaluated regions/ mesoregions 14,15 ; 13 used the scale of municipalities 10,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] ; 4 evaluated districts [28][29][30][31] ; 6 studied neighborhoods [32][33][34][35][36][37] ; 7 analyzed the census tracts [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] ; and 3 investigated households [45][46][47] . Within each scale, the articles were organized by location: Brazil, Northern, Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast regions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within each scale, the articles were organized by location: Brazil, Northern, Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast regions. In all, 4 approached Brazil 10,16-18 , 7 studied the Northern region or the states of the Amazon region 14,19,20,[38][39][40]45 , 11 focused on the Northeast region [21][22][23]28,[32][33][34][35][36]40,41 , 4 the Midwest region 15,29,37,46 , and 12 the Southeast region [24][25][26][27]30,31,36,37,[42][43][44]47 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies using the scale of municipalities identified clusters and heterogeneity in the distribution of the disease associated with low socioeconomic indicators 23,26 and increased urbanization 21,23 , apart from indicators that overlap with high values -global NCDR, NCDR in children under 15 years, and grade 2 disability 19,20 . In the Northern region and the Amazonian States, high percentages of hyperendemic municipalities (NCDR >40/100,000 inhabitants) were accentuated.…”

Section: Silva Clm Et Al -Spatial Distribution Of Leprosy In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Silva

Fonseca

Kawa

et al. 2017

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Leprosy remains a public health problem in developing countries. Among communicable diseases, it is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. Brazil had not reached the goal of reducing cases to less than 1 per 10,000 population. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy cases in Brazil, using a literature review. The search strategy included the LILACS and MEDLINE databases with no language or period restriction. Ecological studies with spatial data analysis were considered as a criterion for the inclusion. We found 38 studies for review after the selection criteria. Among the epidemiological indicators of the disease, the most common was the new case detection rate. Several articles have explored the association between spatial distribution of leprosy and socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. The most common unit of analysis was the municipality. The spatial distribution methods mostly used were: empirical Bayesian method, autocorrelation (Moran's I index) and Kernel estimates. The distribution of leprosy was very heterogeneous, independent of t h e unit of analysis. There was a decrease in the rate of detection and among under-15-year-olds, but some regions maintained high endemicity during the study period. The distribution and risk of illness were directly related to living conditions of the population. Improved access to health services was associated with increased detection rate in some regions. Spatial analysis seems to be a very useful tool to study leprosy and to guide interventions and surveillance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Silva Clm Et Al -Spatial Distribution Of Leprosy In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Silva

Fonseca

Kawa

et al. 2017

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Risk Factors for Physical Disability in Patients With Leprosy

et al. 2019

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(WHO) 2016-2020 Global Leprosy Strategy aims to reinvigorate efforts to control leprosy and avert leprosy disability to less than 1 per million population. OBJECTIVE To systematically identify clinical factors associated with physical disability in patients with leprosy. DATA SOURCE Searches were conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases to identify studies published from January 23, 1988, to May 23, 2018, using the keywords leprosy and physical disability and related terms. STUDY SELECTION Studies that evaluated patients using the WHO leprosy disability grading system and reported the number of patients with and without disability by clinical characteristics were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The odds ratio (OR) was used as a measure of association between the clinical features and physical disability. Summary estimates were calculated using random-effects models. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was physical disability according to the WHO disability classification. The association between clinical features and physical disability was evaluated. RESULTS The search identified 2447 reports. After screening titles and abstracts, 177 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 32 studies were included in the systematic review; 24 of the 32 studies included sex information (39 571 patients), of whom 24 218 (61.2%) were male. Male patients with leprosy were more likely to have physical disability than female patients with leprosy (pooled OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.43-1.93; I 2 , 81.3%; P < .001). Persons with multibacillary leprosy were 4-fold more likely to have physical disability than those with paucibacillary leprosy (pooled OR, 4.32; 95% CI, 3.37-5.53; I 2 , 88.9%, P < .001). Patients having leprosy reactions were more likely to have disability (pooled OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.35-4.36; I 2 , 92.1%; P < .001). Patients with lepromatous leprosy experienced 5-to 12-fold higher odds of disability. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This systematic review and meta-analysis confirms the association between the presence of physical disabilities and male sex, multibacillary leprosy, leprosy reactions, and lepromatous presentation. These findings can guide the development of targeted interventions for early identification of individuals at greater risk of developing physical disabilities and education campaigns to promote early consultation to institute treatment for leprosy reactions and prevent physical disability.

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Policy Lessons From Quantitative Modeling of Leprosy

Medley

Blok

Crump

et al. 2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Recent mathematical and statistical modeling of leprosy incidence data provides estimates of the current undiagnosed population and projections of diagnosed cases, as well as ongoing transmission. Furthermore, modeling studies have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed intervention strategies, such as postleprosy exposure prophylaxis and novel diagnostics, relative to current approaches. Such modeling studies have revealed both a slow decline of new cases and a substantial pool of undiagnosed infections. These findings highlight the need for active case detection, particularly targeting leprosy foci, as well as for continued research into innovative accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostics. As leprosy incidence continues to decline, targeted active case detection primarily in foci and connected areas will likely become increasingly important.

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Socio‐economic and environmental effects influencing the development of leprosy in Bahia, north‐eastern Brazil

Cited by 50 publications

References 38 publications

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Spatial distribution of leprosy in Brazil: a literature review

Risk Factors for Physical Disability in Patients With Leprosy

Policy Lessons From Quantitative Modeling of Leprosy

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