Social inappropriateness, executive control, and aging.

Henry, Julie D.; Hippel, Frank von; Baynes, Kate

doi:10.1037/a0013423

Cited by 63 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Indeed, slower processors in the form of older adults more readily adopt stereotypical thinking (Henry, von Hippel, & Baynes, 2009;von Hippel, Silver, & Lynch, 2000) to assist perception. However, this is less adaptive when encountering a target that undermines categorical boundaries through dual membership of conflicting categories.…”

Section: Implications For Executive Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individuation Moderates Impressions of Conflicting Categories for Slower Processors

2013

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We investigated individuation – attribute-based impressions associated with each unique individual rather than their categorical membership – as a moderator of impressions formed when slower versus faster processors encounter conflicting social category conjunctions. Descriptions of incongruent (e.g., female bricklayer), but not congruent category conjunctions (e.g., female nurse) were moderated by individuation in the application of emergent attributes (novel attributes associated exclusively with the category conjunction and not the constituents). However, this was only the case for slow processors. These findings suggest that the means by which slower processors relative to faster processors form impressions for poorly correlated category conjunctions vary systematically. Individuated impressions lead to emergent attribute application for perceivers with slower processing ability. We discuss the implications of these findings.

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Section: Implications For Executive Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individuation Moderates Impressions of Conflicting Categories for Slower Processors

2013

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“…This finding has potential practical implications for older adults' ability to negotiate complex social situations, and ultimately their personal safety. This finding builds on previous studies of age-related difficulties in social functioning (Henry et al, 2009a;von Hippel and Dunlop, 2005a) by suggesting that integrating facial cues might be the precedence of complex social-cognitive behaviours and social functioning.…”

Section: Implications Of Findingsmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…Consistent with the possibility that reduced inhibitory control underlies many of these age-related losses [2], age-related declines in control operations such as inhibition have been shown to disrupt memory [3,4], decision making [5], and various types of social functioning [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…One of the dominant hypotheses is the inhibitory deficit hypothesis, which could explain a wide range of age-related cognitive difficulties in working memory , decision making, and social functioning (Henry et al, 2009b;Von Hippel and Dunlop, 2005b). Consistent with the notion that reduced inhibitory control underlies many agerelated losses , this hypothesis focuses on the effect of inhibitory control on working memory by suppressing irrelevant information.…”

Section: Related Utilization Of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (Crunch) mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This scale is a peer-report assessment of social functioning (Henry et al, 2009a). A 10-item subscale assesses socially inappropriate behaviour (e.g., "enquires about potentially embarrassing issues in public" or "comments negatively on someone else's physical appearance").…”

Section: Peer-report Social Functioning Scale (Prsf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The emotional ageing brain: cognitive mechanisms and neural networks

Ziaei¹

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Despite well-documented declines in most cognitive domains, some emotional processes appear to be preserved or even enhanced in late adulthood. A good example of this is the information processing bias older adults show towards positive relative to negative emotional stimuli, often referred to as the age-related positivity effect. The present thesis presents a series of experiments that were designed to better understand the mechanisms that contribute to age-related changes in emotional processing, focusing in particular on the role of cognitive mechanisms and neural networks.In Study 1 aimed to identify the underlying cognitive mechanisms of the positivity effect.The primary focus of this study was to explore the role of distractors during the early attention allocation stage, and to also measure how selective attentional processes during encoding influence later memory outcomes for emotional items. The results showed that consistent with prior literature, a memory positivity effect was found among older relative to younger adults. However, of particular interest was the finding that, participants' memory for negative targets was not influenced by the presence of positive distractors. This finding suggests that positive distractors did not automatically capture older adults' attention during encoding for negative items. Importantly, we found that participants' pupillary responses to negative items mediated the relationship between age and the memory positivity effect, indicating that older adults use their cognitive control resources when encoding negative information, perhaps to down regulate the impact of negative emotions on their memory. Collectively, these two findings provide converging support for the cognitive control account of the positivity effect.Study 2 used a similar paradigm to Study 1 to examine the underlying neural networks involved in processing emotional items during working memory encoding among older and younger adults. Results indicated that a cognitive control network that included fronto-parietal regions, was functionally connected to the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during the encoding of negative items among older adults. This network contributed to performance, both accuracy and response times, in older adults' group. A less distributed network was found for encoding of positive items among older and both items among younger adults. Although older adults recruited a same network that was functionally connected to the amygdala for encoding positive and negative items, younger adults recruited this particular network specifically for encoding negative items. This network facilitated older adults' higher accuracy and faster response times during retrieval. 3Taken together, the results from these functional connectivity analyses suggest that there is differential engagement of brain networks connected to these two regions, which are modulated by the emotional valence. While two separate brain networks underlying the encoding of emotionally valence targets are connected to...

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Sex, skull length, breed, and age predict how dogs look at faces of humans and conspecifics

2018

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The gaze of other dogs and humans is informative for dogs, but it has not been explored which factors predict face-directed attention. We used image presentations of unfamiliar human and dog heads, facing the observer (portrait) or facing away (profile), and measured looking time responses. We expected dog portraits to be aversive, human portraits to attract interest, and tested dogs of different sex, skull length and breed function, which in previous work had predicted human-directed attention. Dog portraits attracted longer looking times than human profiles. Mesocephalic dogs looked at portraits longer than at profiles, independent of the species in the image. Overall, brachycephalic dogs and dogs of unspecified breed function (such as mixed breeds) displayed the longest looking times. Among the latter, females observed the images for longer than males, which is in line with human findings on sex differences in processing faces. In a subsequent experiment, we tested whether dog portraits functioned as threatening stimuli. We hypothesized that dogs will avoid food rewards or approach them more slowly in the presence of a dog portrait, but found no effect of image type. In general, older dogs took longer to approach food placed in front of the images and mesocephalic dogs were faster than dogs of other skull length types. The results suggest that short-headed dogs are more attentive to faces, while sex and breed function predict looking times through complex interactions.

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Social inappropriateness, executive control, and aging.

Cited by 63 publications

References 25 publications

Individuation Moderates Impressions of Conflicting Categories for Slower Processors

Individuation Moderates Impressions of Conflicting Categories for Slower Processors

The emotional ageing brain: cognitive mechanisms and neural networks

Sex, skull length, breed, and age predict how dogs look at faces of humans and conspecifics

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