Ontogenetic changes in whole-body immunoreactive cortisol concentrations (IRC) and aggressive behavior were examined in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (Temminck & Schlegel; Carangidae). Baseline IRC significantly increased during the transition from larval to juvenile stage, and was correlated with the onset of aggressive behavior. Handled fish (13.1±2.6 ng/g tissue) showed a IRC level about three times higher than unhandled fish (4.7±1.4 ng/g tissue), indicating that whole body immunoreactive cortisol level may be used an indicator of stress in juvenile yellowtails. Behaviorally subordinate fish (8.6±1.6 ng/g tissue, n=4) showed IRC levels significantly higher than dominant fish (0.6±0.3 ng/g tissue, n=4). Whole-body immunoreactive cortisol levels may thus reflect stress and social status in juvenile yellowtails, and the inverse relationship between social rank and IRC may result from agonistic interactions.