Smooth pursuit performance in families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia and nonpsychotic families

Lencer, Rebekka; Malchow, C.P.; Krecker, Katja; Nolte, Achim; Pinnow, Marlene; Siefart, Susanne Zimmerman v.; Schwinger, E.; Arolt, Volker

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00310-2

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Thus, leading saccades appear to have both spatial and temporal dysmetric components, and are therefore more likely to reflect abnormalities in the integration of saccadic and pursuit eye movements during visual tracking rather than simple saccadic hypermetria. This is consistent with previous descriptions of leading saccades as 'contextinappropriate' or 'intrusive' saccades, which may be related to loss of inhibitory control over saccadic eye movements during pursuit (Litman et al, 1994;Ross et al, 1996;Lencer et al, 1999a).…”

Section: Neurophysiological Basis Of Leading Saccadessupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Abnormalities include (1) a failure of eye velocity to match target velocity during sustained visual tracking (ie low closed-loop gain) (eg Clementz and McDowell, 1994;Sweeney et al, 1999;Levy et al, 2000; see Levy et al, 1993 for a review), which is thought to reflect deficits in predictive components of the SPEM response (Thaker et al, , 1999; (2) an increase in catch-up saccades, which is secondary to low gain (Abel and Ziegler, 1988;Sweeney et al, 1994); (3) decreased acceleration during pursuit initiation (Clementz et al, 1995;Ross et al, 1996), which may reflect retinal motion processing and/or anticipatory learning deficits (Chen et al, 1999;Avila et al, 2002a); and (4) an increased frequency of leading saccadic eye movements (Avila et al, 2002b;Levy et al, 2000;Ross et al, 2000), which may reflect a loss of cortical inhibitory control over saccades during pursuit (Litman et al, 1994;Ross et al, 1998;Lencer et al, 1999a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Nicotine on Leading Saccades during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Schizophrenia

Avila

Sherr

Hong

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Several studies have shown that schizophrenic patients and their biological relatives generate a greater number of leading saccades during smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) tasks. This abnormality may reflect a failure of cortical and/or cerebellar areas to coordinate saccadic and pursuit eye movements during visual tracking. The pharmacology of this phenomenon is not known. Here, we sought to replicate and extend the findings of Olincy et al (1998), who found that nicotine transiently reduced the number of leading saccades during SPEMs. A total of 27 subjects with schizophrenia (17 males; 14 smokers), and 25 healthy comparison subjects (nine males; 14 smokers) completed an eye-tracking task after receiving a 1.0 mg nasal spray of nicotine and during drug-free conditions. Results confirm that nicotine reduces the number of leading saccadic eye movements during visual tracking in schizophrenic patients. Baseline impairments and the beneficial effects of nicotine were not restricted to patient smokers, as nonsmoker patients exhibited the greatest number of leading saccades in the no drug condition and exhibited the most pronounced improvements after nicotine administration. Improvement in patient nonsmokers was not a function of previous smoking history. No effect of nicotine was observed in control nonsmokers. In contrast to the previous study, nicotine appeared to improve performance in control smokers. Overall, the study results support a functional role of nACh receptors in improving eye-tracking performance, and are consistent with the hypothesis, articulated by several investigators, that nACh receptor system abnormalities are responsible for a number of schizophrenia-related neurophysiological deficits.

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Section: Neurophysiological Basis Of Leading Saccadessupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nicotine on Leading Saccades during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Schizophrenia

Avila

Sherr

Hong

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…60,61 Several studies have reported abnormalities of smooth pursuit eye movements in both patients and their relatives. 62,63 A second human-related endophenotype is impairment in the P300 response, which is an event-related potential that is thought to represent brain activity resulting from tasks that require information to be maintained in working memory. 64 Several meta-analyses have implicated the P300 response as an endophenotype of schizophrenia, and studies have shown that unaffected family members of probands exhibit deficits in the P300 response.…”

Section: Endophenotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of nonprimate animal models in understanding the etiology of schizophrenia

Lazar

Neufeld²,

Cain³

2011

jpn

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“…Previous studies have suggested that these types of saccades are not consistently affected in the schizophrenia spectrum (Clementz et al, 1990;Lencer et al, 1999;Radant and Hommer, 1992).…”

Section: Smooth Pursuitmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The purpose-written software package EYEMAP (Version 2.1; AMTech GmbH, Weinheim, Germany) (see, eg Crawford et al, 1998;Lencer et al, 1999) was used for analysis of eye movement data. Inter-and intrarater reliabilities for analyses with EYEMAP in our laboratory were high for the measures reported below, ranging from r ¼ 0.85 to 0.99.…”

Section: Eye Movement Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Procyclidine on Eye Movements in Schizophrenia

Ettinger

Kumari²,

Zachariah³

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) and antisaccade deficits are observed in the schizophrenia spectrum and have been used to study the pathophysiology as well as the genetic basis of this condition. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been implicated in a number of cognitive processes thought to underlie SPEM and antisaccade performance. This study investigates effects on eye movements of procyclidine, an anticholinergic drug often administered to schizophrenic patients. A total of 13 patients completed a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, receiving 15 mg procyclidine and placebo. Seven participants received procyclidine first and placebo second, six participants were tested in the reverse order. SPEM and antisaccade (as well as fixation and prosaccade) eye movements were recorded using infrared oculography. Results showed that procyclidine overall, relative to placebo, mildly worsened SPEM performance, as indicated by nonsignificantly reduced gain (p ¼ 0.08) and increased frequency of intrusive anticipatory saccades during pursuit (p ¼ 0.06). A significant interaction of group and order of administration indicated that procyclidine increased the rate of antisaccade reflexive errors only when administered first; the opposite pattern was observed when placebo was administered first, likely due to the operation of practice effects at second assessment. These findings indicate that acute administration of a clinically relevant dose of procyclidine leads to mild impairments in eye movement performance in schizophrenic patients, suggesting the need to consider this compound in oculomotor studies in schizophrenia. The action of this anticholinergic drug on oculomotor performance is consistent with the hypothesized role of the cholinergic system in the cognitive mechanisms of attention and working memory, processes thought to underlie SPEM and antisaccade performance. Effects of order of administration and practice on the antisaccade task suggest that these factors need to be taken into consideration in future pharmacological studies.

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Smooth pursuit performance in families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia and nonpsychotic families

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of Nicotine on Leading Saccades during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Schizophrenia

Effects of Nicotine on Leading Saccades during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Schizophrenia

Contribution of nonprimate animal models in understanding the etiology of schizophrenia

Effects of Procyclidine on Eye Movements in Schizophrenia

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