smol

Kiv, Daniel; Allabadi, Garvita; Kaplan, Berkay; Kravets, Robin

doi:10.1145/3477085.3478991

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A total of 27 sensor nodes were deployed in the underground, and each sensor node could measure soil temperature, volumetric water content (VWC), electrical conductivity (EC), and water potential (WP) and communicate the data directly to an aboveground sink node. Other works [13], [20], [32], [33] demonstrated the possibility of using LoRa technology for underground to aboveground (UG2AG) communication. Figure 1 shows photographs of the different sensor nodes using LoRa transmitters placed in the holes.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study on WPT using a pair of magnetic resonators was done, and it involved the development of a comprehensive circuit model [37]. The coils used were [20] (c) a 915 MHz LoRa transmitter placed 15cm in a hole [33] operating at a resonance frequency of 6.78 MHz, separated by a distance of 60 mm, and the purpose of the work was to offer insights into the design and operation of wireless charging systems in highly attenuating media. The existence and use of Zenneck or lateral waves in decision agriculture were investigated in [38], where channel modeling and simulation were performed to characterize the waves.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, an underground sensor node deployed for a particular purpose, such as precision agriculture, border patrol, or underground infrastructure monitoring and energized by RF energy, needs to be actualized. Several studies, such as [12], [17], [33], [74]- [76], implemented practical underground-based wireless communication with sensors powered by batteries. Future research should consider energizing these sensors using RFEH.…”

Section: Rectenna Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FIGURE 1: Examples of LoRa transmitters deployed for underground communication. (a) an enclosed 175 MHz LoRa transmitter with soil sensors [13] (b) a LoRa transmitter with soil moisture sensor[20] (c) a 915 MHz LoRa transmitter placed 15cm in a hole[33] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting for Underground Sensor Nodes: Possibilities and Challenges

Mahenge,

Sinde,

Dida

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) is considered an optimal and environmentally friendly solution for energizing sensor devices and prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Despite being studied and experimented in several environments where WSNs are used, studies and experiments related to RFEH in underground wireless systems are limited to near-field wireless power transfer (WPT), measurement of received signal strength, and current conduction. The goal of this study is to examine the possibilities and challenges of actualizing RFEH in wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs). A radio-frequency (RF) spectral survey was conducted, and a comparison was performed with similar surveys conducted worldwide to determine the generally available ambient RF energy. Using the aboveground to underground (AG2UG) RF communication model, the signal path loss was analyzed under varying conditions. By relating the ambient RF power and AG2UG signal path loss, it was found nearly impossible to harvest ambient RF energy with the harvesting antenna buried within the soil, as the best-case environment will require a rectenna with sensitivity of at least -62.75dBm. However ambient RF energy can be harvested when the harvesting antenna is in free space, while the other components are underground and will require a high sensitivity of at least -40 dBm. Another possibility for underground RFEH is the use of a dedicated WPT device located 1m above the ground, transmitting at 20 dBm with the RF energy harvester 30 cm below the soil surface with a sensitivity of at least -30 dBm.INDEX TERMS Internet of Underground Things (IoUT), Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH), wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs).

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rectenna Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting for Underground Sensor Nodes: Possibilities and Challenges

Mahenge,

Sinde,

Dida

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Review of low-cost, off-grid, biodegradable in situ autonomous soil moisture sensing systems: Is there a perfect solution?

Maya Moreshwar Meshram,

Adla,

Jourdin

et al. 2024

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

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Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Agriculture Applications: A Survey

Mowla,

Shah

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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The increasing food scarcity necessitates sustainable agriculture achieved through automation to meet the growing demand. Integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is crucial in enhancing food production across various agricultural domains, encompassing irrigation, soil moisture monitoring, fertilizer optimization and control, early-stage pest and crop disease management, and energy conservation. Wireless application protocols such as ZigBee, WiFi, SigFox, and LoRaWAN are commonly employed to collect real-time data for monitoring purposes. Embracing advanced technology is imperative to ensure efficient annual production. Therefore, this study emphasizes a comprehensive, futureoriented approach, delving into IoT-WSNs, wireless network protocols, and their applications in agriculture since 2019. It thoroughly discusses the overview of IoT and WSNs, encompassing their architectures and summarization of network protocols. Furthermore, the study addresses recent issues and challenges related to IoT-WSNs and proposes mitigation strategies. It provides clear recommendations for the future, emphasizing the integration of advanced technology aiming to contribute to the future development of smart agriculture systems. INDEX TERMSInternet of things, wireless sensor networks, wireless network protocols, smart agriculture applications.

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smol

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting for Underground Sensor Nodes: Possibilities and Challenges

Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting for Underground Sensor Nodes: Possibilities and Challenges

Review of low-cost, off-grid, biodegradable in situ autonomous soil moisture sensing systems: Is there a perfect solution?

Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Agriculture Applications: A Survey

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