Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting for Underground Sensor Nodes: Possibilities and Challenges

Abstract

Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) is considered an optimal and environmentally friendly solution for energizing sensor devices and prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Despite being studied and experimented in several environments where WSNs are used, studies and experiments related to RFEH in underground wireless systems are limited to near-field wireless power transfer (WPT), measurement of received signal strength, and current conduction. The goal of this study is to examine the possibilities and challenges of actualizing RFEH in wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs). A radio-frequency (RF) spectral survey was conducted, and a comparison was performed with similar surveys conducted worldwide to determine the generally available ambient RF energy. Using the aboveground to underground (AG2UG) RF communication model, the signal path loss was analyzed under varying conditions. By relating the ambient RF power and AG2UG signal path loss, it was found nearly impossible to harvest ambient RF energy with the harvesting antenna buried within the soil, as the best-case environment will require a rectenna with sensitivity of at least -62.75dBm. However ambient RF energy can be harvested when the harvesting antenna is in free space, while the other components are underground and will require a high sensitivity of at least -40 dBm. Another possibility for underground RFEH is the use of a dedicated WPT device located 1m above the ground, transmitting at 20 dBm with the RF energy harvester 30 cm below the soil surface with a sensitivity of at least -30 dBm.INDEX TERMS Internet of Underground Things (IoUT), Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH), wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs).

Wireless Underground Sensor Communication Using Acoustic Technology

“…This research revealed that factors like burial depth, antenna type, transmission power, receiver height above the ground, and soil type have significant impacts on signal transmission. They deployed the system that could receive signal BG2BG only in the range of 4 to 20 m. In addition, low-frequency RF and EM signals require large antennae to generate and detect signals [25], which is logistically challenging to install in soil environments. Additionally, soil permittivity varies with the change in moisture content.…”