Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Agriculture Applications: A Survey

Abstract

The increasing food scarcity necessitates sustainable agriculture achieved through automation to meet the growing demand. Integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is crucial in enhancing food production across various agricultural domains, encompassing irrigation, soil moisture monitoring, fertilizer optimization and control, early-stage pest and crop disease management, and energy conservation. Wireless application protocols such as ZigBee, WiFi, SigFox, and LoRaWAN are commonly employed to collect real-time data for monitoring purposes. Embracing advanced technology is imperative to ensure efficient annual production. Therefore, this study emphasizes a comprehensive, futureoriented approach, delving into IoT-WSNs, wireless network protocols, and their applications in agriculture since 2019. It thoroughly discusses the overview of IoT and WSNs, encompassing their architectures and summarization of network protocols. Furthermore, the study addresses recent issues and challenges related to IoT-WSNs and proposes mitigation strategies. It provides clear recommendations for the future, emphasizing the integration of advanced technology aiming to contribute to the future development of smart agriculture systems. INDEX TERMSInternet of things, wireless sensor networks, wireless network protocols, smart agriculture applications.

Using 5TE Sensors for Monitoring Moisture Conditions in Green Parks

“…The introduction of sensor technology and data loggers encouraged automation and use of sensors for water management. Most of the recent works are focused on agricultural applications [ 21 , 22 ]. The current study is mainly targeting the influence of environmental and geoenvironmental influence on the subsurface soils.…”

IoT Solutions with Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Precision Agriculture: Definitions, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities

“…However, the global agricultural landscape faces many challenges, including population growth, urbanization, competition for resources, climate change, and natural disasters, among others [2]. These challenges impede food production and are anticipated to persist, necessitating collaborative efforts between policymakers and technologists to ensure global food security and peace [3,4].…”

Advancing Livestock Technology: Intelligent Systemization for Enhanced Productivity, Welfare, and Sustainability

“…These will lead to more sustainable practices, which are the key in the advancement of livestock technology. From mitigating environmental impacts to promoting responsible resource management, technology plays a crucial role in fostering sustainable practices, such as the precision application of fertilizers, reduced water consumption, and the integration of renewable energy sources into power farm operations [9]. These tools also can help with the early detection of diseases, stress, or nutritional deficiencies, which allows farmers to intervene promptly, reducing the need for antibiotics and enhancing overall animal welfare.…”

“…Automated feeding systems (AFS), robotic milking machines, and AI-powered sorting systems contribute to increased operational efficiency, which helps farmers to focus on strategic decision making and animal care while routine tasks are handled seamlessly by technological solutions. Furthermore, the integration of smart infrastructure, which includes connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, helps to facilitate the real-time monitoring of environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and air quality [2,9,11]. Smart infrastructure enhances the overall living conditions for livestock, contributing to healthier and more comfortable environments.…”