Smell and taste dysfunction after covid-19

Boscolo‐Rizzo, Paolo; Polesel, Jerry; Vaira, Luigi Angelo

doi:10.1136/bmj.o1653

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Viral load is another important parameter to know ( Table 2 ) [ 16 ] for whether people can develop post-COVID-19 symptoms. Our results show that, at a low Ct value [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], patients have between 15 to 20 post-COVID-19 symptoms; likewise, this is reflected when analyzing patients who had an intermediate Ct [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ] who presented between 6 to 11 symptoms, and, finally, there were patients with a low Ct [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] who had few or no symptoms ( Figure 3 A). Therefore, a Pearson correlation was performed between the Ct value and the number of post-COVID-19 symptoms (r = 0.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Outpatients and Its Association with Viral Load

Girón-Pérez

Fonseca

Toledo-Ibarra

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is the result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused more than 100 million infections and more than 2.5 million deaths worldwide, representing a serious public health problem. The gold method for detecting this virus is qRT-PCR, which is a semiquantitative technique where the viral load can be established through its cycle threshold (Ct). It has also been reported that COVID-19 generates long-term symptoms (post-COVID-19). Methods: After three months, a survey was performed on 70 COVID-19 confirmed patients; subsequently, we divided them into four groups (persistent symptoms, chemo-sensitive, cognitive issues, and changes in habit) in order to determine the correlation between viral load and post-COVID-19 symptoms. Results: Data show that fatigue, nervousness, anosmia, and diet changes are common long-term symptoms; in addition, a negative correlation was found between viral load and the number of post-COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusion: COVID-19 generates long-term symptoms which can cause problems with psychological and social repercussions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Outpatients and Its Association with Viral Load

Girón-Pérez

Fonseca

Toledo-Ibarra

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…While the importance attributed to chemical senses is highly variable [ 33 , 34 ], the COVID-19 pandemic has put them in the spotlight due to the negative impact linked to their alteration or loss and the high prevalence of long-term dysfunctions [ 35 , 36 ]. A meta-analysis by Tan et al [ 14 ] highlighted the severity of long-term self-reported smell and taste alterations in individuals with COVID-19, with about 5% of patients developing persistent alterations, considering data from 3699 patients in 18 studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemosensory Dysfunction in Long-Term COVID-19 Assessed by Self-Reported and Direct Psychophysical Methods

Albayay

Fontana

Parma

et al. 2022

Life

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Chemosensory dysfunction is a frequent postacute sequela of COVID-19. Depending on the type of test used to measure it (self-report vs. direct test), the degree of chemosensory dysfunction in long-term COVID-19 has been found to be highly variable. In this manuscript, we report the cross-sectional data (first assessment) of a longitudinal study (6-month follow-up) examining smell, taste, and chemesthesis in participants affected by long-term COVID-19 (COVID+) and participants without COVID-19 (COVID−) by means of both self-reported and direct psychophysical methods. In total, 208 Italian participants (COVID+ n = 133; COVID− n = 75) completed the Smell and Taste Check developed by the Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research (GCCR), which includes self-reports on smell, taste, and chemesthetic abilities as well as direct intensity ratings of unstandardized smell, taste, and chemesthetic household items. Furthermore, all participants completed SCENTinel, a validated direct smell test. We found a positive association between the self-reported, unstandardized direct test and the validated direct test for smell, indicating moderate to large agreement across measures. Furthermore, the performance on SCENTinel was significantly associated with self-reported smell loss. A positive association between the self-reports and the intensity of household items was also retrieved for taste and chemesthesis. The time relative to COVID-19 onset (267.3 ± 113.9 days) did not modulate the chemosensory performance of self-reported abilities, intensity ratings, and SCENTinel. All in all, we confirm the impairment of three chemical senses (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) in an independent sample of Italian participants affected by long-term COVID-19 by using and comparing self-reported and direct psychophysical methods. We contribute to the discussion on best practices to monitor chemosensory dysfunction in individuals affected by long-term COVID-19.

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“…Olfactory training has been shown to be the only disease-specific intervention with evidence of efficacy for the treatment of postinfectious olfactory dysfunction. Treatment based on sniffing and trying to identify scents, such as rose, eucalyptus, lemon, and clove, over the course of several months should be implemented as soon as possible [21].…”

Section: Memory Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Imagery and Emotional Control

Portner¹

2022

Learning and Memory - From Molecules and Cells to Mind and Behavior

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Olfaction and gustation are important survival mechanisms. These sensory modalities also have an impact on memory and emotions. Olfactory stimulation has recently been used in virtual reality environments to treat emotional distress. There is evidence that olfactory and gustatory stimuli reach the insula, where they influence a number of other brain networks. There is little research on the use of smell and taste during mindfulness, but it will be shown that they can foster balanced emotional responses. In this chapter, we will look at how to incorporate olfactory and gustatory memory-based experiences during mindfulness exercises to bring about emotional homeostasis.

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Smell and taste dysfunction after covid-19

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Outpatients and Its Association with Viral Load

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Outpatients and Its Association with Viral Load

Chemosensory Dysfunction in Long-Term COVID-19 Assessed by Self-Reported and Direct Psychophysical Methods

Olfactory Imagery and Emotional Control

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