Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Outpatients and Its Association with Viral Load

Girón-Pérez, Daniel Alberto; Fonseca, Aimée Argüero; Toledo-Ibarra, Gladys Alejandra; Gomez-Valdivia, Jaqueline de Jesus; Díaz-Reséndiz, Karina Janice Guadalupe; Benitez-Trinidad, Alma Benitez; Razura-Carmona, Francisco Fabián; Navidad-Murrieta, Migdalia Sarahy; Covantes-Rosales, Carlos Eduardo; Perez, Manuel Ivan Giron

doi:10.3390/ijerph192215145

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Female gender and the presence of a comorbidity did not have any influence on the rate of PSC syndrome, which was in contrast to previous findings [ 20 ]. Moreover, our study reported a lack of association of OSC and PSC with Ct values detected in the acute phase of infection, which contradicts with the data presented by Perez et al showing a negative correlation between the viral load and the number of the LC symptoms [ 22 ]. Additionally, age, which was also inversely correlated with LC symptoms in a recent report [ 23 ], was found to be a significant risk factor for neither OSC nor PSC in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Long-COVID-19 in Asymptomatic, Non-Hospitalized, and Hospitalized Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study

Bostancı

Gazi

Tosun

et al. 2023

JCM

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A substantial proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors continue to suffer from long-COVID-19 (LC) symptoms. Our study aimed to determine the risk factors for LC by using a patient population from Northern Cyprus. Subjects who were diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in our university hospital were invited and asked to fill in an online questionnaire. Data from 296 survivors who had recovered from COVID-19 infection at least 28 days prior the study was used in the statistical analysis. For determination of risk factors for “ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 (OSC)” and “Post-COVID-19 (PSC)” syndromes, the patient population was further divided into group 1 (Gr1) and group 2 (Gr2), that included survivors who were diagnosed with COVID-19 within 4-12 weeks and at least three months prior the study, respectively. The number of people with post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection was 266 (89.9%). B.1.617.2 (Delta) (41.9%) was the most common SARS-CoV-2 variant responsible for the infections, followed by BA.1 (Omicron) (34.8%), B.1.1.7 (Alpha) (15.5%), and wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (7.8%). One-hundred-and-nineteen volunteers (40.2%) stated an increased frequency of COVID-19-related symptoms and experienced the symptoms in the week prior to the study. Of those, 81 (38.8%) and 38 (43.7%) were from Gr1 and Gr2 groups, respectively. Female gender, chronic illness, and symptomatic status at PCR testing were identified as risk factors for developing OSC syndrome, while only the latter showed a similar association with PSC symptoms. Our results also suggested that ongoing and persistent COVID-19-related symptoms are not influenced by the initial viral cycle threshold (Ct) values of the SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 variant as well as vaccination status and type prior to COVID-19. Therefore, strategies other than vaccination are needed to combat the long-term effect of COVID-19, especially after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, and their possible economic burden on healthcare settings.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Long-COVID-19 in Asymptomatic, Non-Hospitalized, and Hospitalized Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study

Bostancı

Gazi

Tosun

et al. 2023

JCM

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“…Although previous studies have indicated that the amount of SARS-CoV-2 viral load correlates with the presence of long COVID and the extent of its symptoms, the current study did not find this correlation [ 21 , 22 ]. What sets this study apart from its predecessors is its exclusive focus on hospitalized patients, its assessment of long-term COVID symptoms extending beyond three months post-illness, and its measurement of viral load using blood samples instead of nasal swabs, which were used in previous studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies found that there is an association, but in other studies, no such relationship with viral load was found. The relationship between long-COVID and COVID-19 viral load is a topic of ongoing research and debate [ 21 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there is information available regarding viral load during the acute stage of infection and its relation to what was previously referred to as post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, various studies have yet to reach a consensus on a definitive outcome; however, they point toward a relationship between viral load and long COVID [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. A research study conducted by Giron-Perez et al proposed a positive correlation between viral load and the number of symptoms experienced during long COVID, implying that a higher viral load might result in a lower probability of experiencing long-term COVID symptoms [ 21 ]. A study conducted also during the early stages of the pandemic asserted that viral load can serve as a predictor for long COVID [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing the Interplay between COVID-19 Viral Load, Inflammatory Markers, and Lymphocyte Subpopulations on the Development of Long COVID

Rivera-Cavazos,

Luviano-García,

Garza-Silva

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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The global impact of the SARS-CoV-2 infection has been substantial, affecting millions of people. Long COVID, characterized by persistent or recurrent symptoms after acute infection, has been reported in over 40% of patients. Risk factors include age and female gender, and various mechanisms, including chronic inflammation and viral persistence, have been implicated in long COVID’s pathogenesis. However, there are scarce studies in which multiple inflammatory markers and viral load are analyzed simultaneously in acute infection to determine how they predict for long COVID at long-term follow-up. This study explores the association between long COVID and inflammatory markers, viral load, and lymphocyte subpopulation during acute infection in hospitalized patients to better understand the risk factors of this disease. This longitudinal retrospective study was conducted in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in northern Mexico. Inflammatory parameters, viral load, and lymphocyte subpopulation during the acute infection phase were analyzed, and long COVID symptoms were followed up depending on severity and persistence (weekly or monthly) and assessed 1.5 years after the acute infection. This study analyzed 79 patients, among them, 41.8% presented long COVID symptoms, with fatigue being the most common (45.5%). Patients with long COVID had higher lymphocyte levels during hospitalization, and NK cell subpopulation levels were also associated with long COVID. ICU admission during acute COVID-19 was also linked to the development of long COVID symptoms.

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“…23,24 Importantly, there seems to be a poor relationship between the severity of COVID symptoms and the risk of Long COVID. 17,25 An obvious problem is that the definition of this syndrome is not yet well established, and reported studies do not use a uniform symptom description. 8 In our study, we limited the survey to 10 questions as one of the main goals was to achieve high response rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long COVID in Icelandic Children: A Matched Cohort Study of Nonspecific Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Thors,

Bjornsdottir,

Love

et al. 2023

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Purpose: Pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are usually mild and the mortality rates are low, but concerns have been raised about long-term symptoms that may resemble other postinfectious syndromes. Studies with robust control groups and high response rates have been few. Methods: We obtained identifiers for all 837 Icelandic children diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 by PCR between March 2020 and June 2021 and contacted them by telephone. We asked about 10 physical and mental symptoms being present at least twice weekly for at least 2 months. Participants who reported symptoms were contacted again a year later. For each subject who completed the questionnaire, an age- and sex-matched comparator without SARS-CoV-2 infection was asked to complete the same questionnaire, and the risk difference was calculated. Results: Responses from 643 cases and 602 comparators were analyzed. Children who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to report one or more symptoms, except for anxiety/depression and sleep disturbances. Fatigue and loss of concentration were evidently more common in cases among teenagers (risk difference: 15%; 95% CI: 7–22% and 15%; 95% CI: 7–23%, respectively). At the second follow-up, close to a third of Long COVID cases had resolved but some participants had developed new persistent symptoms. Conclusion: Symptoms of Long COVID in children are common and impact their quality of life. The importance of further unraveling the pathophysiology of acute and long-term symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is vital as well as potential preventive measures.

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Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Outpatients and Its Association with Viral Load

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Long-COVID-19 in Asymptomatic, Non-Hospitalized, and Hospitalized Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study

Long-COVID-19 in Asymptomatic, Non-Hospitalized, and Hospitalized Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study

Analyzing the Interplay between COVID-19 Viral Load, Inflammatory Markers, and Lymphocyte Subpopulations on the Development of Long COVID

Long COVID in Icelandic Children: A Matched Cohort Study of Nonspecific Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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