Small-angle X-ray-scattering investigation of poly(p-phenylene) with fractal properties

Nanoscale conformational ordering in polyanilines investigated by SAXS and AFM

“…Here we employ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to investigate the properties of parent PANI, poly(omethoxyaniline) (POMA) and poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA) in solution at various pHs and doping acids. SAXS is useful to probe the material structure on a scale from 0.05 to 2000 Å [28,29], as it may provide statistically meaningful measurements of total volumes, surface areas and scattering centers [30]. Knowledge about the external surface structure of the polymer can be obtained by measurements of the scattering intensity I (q) versus the scattering vector modulus.…”

Electropolymerization of Aniline on Plastically Deformed Pd Surface: Structure at Micro- and Nano-Scale

“…Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is one of the most reliable techniques for surface analysis in the scale of 0.5-200 nm. 26 A simple comparison of SAXS patterns of the polyaniline films electrodeposited onto two different substrate electrodes ( Figure 5) reveals that the normalized SAXS intensity is smaller for the case of plastically deformed Pd substrate. This indicates a smoother surface in the scale under investigation, as the curve slope is smaller.…”

Thickness dependence of the porosity of PPy/DDS films

“…The porosity properties have been measured/ estimated using different methods, such as low-temperature N 2 sorption [3,10,11], cyclic voltammetry [12], film density analysis [1], standard porosimetry (in the case of polyaniline (PANI) and polyparaphenylene (PPP) [13,14], and small-angle X-ray scattering SAXS [15]. SAXS and its modifications have been found to be an advanced scattering technique for investigation of the properties of nanostructured polymeric materials [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Polymers like PPy [15,19,20], PANI [17,18], poly(p-phenylene) [16], polypropylene [21], poly(amide) and poly(imide) [22] and properties like the degree of crystallinity [19], porosity [15,21,22] and fractal dimension [16][17][18]20,21] have been widely examined.…”

“…SAXS and its modifications have been found to be an advanced scattering technique for investigation of the properties of nanostructured polymeric materials [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Polymers like PPy [15,19,20], PANI [17,18], poly(p-phenylene) [16], polypropylene [21], poly(amide) and poly(imide) [22] and properties like the degree of crystallinity [19], porosity [15,21,22] and fractal dimension [16][17][18]20,21] have been widely examined. Despite the achievements mentioned above, there is still very limited data regarding the dependencies between the thickness and porosity of ECP layers, especially of thin layers.…”