Slow digestion‐oriented dietary strategy to sustain the secretion of GLP‐1 for improved glucose homeostasis

Abstract

Dysregulated glucose metabolism is associated with many chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and strategies to restore and maintain glucose homeostasis are essential to health. The incretin hormone of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is known to play a critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis and dietary nutrients are the primary stimuli to the release of intestinal GLP-1. However, the GLP-1 producing enteroendocrine L-cells are mainly distributed in the distal region of the gastrointestinal tract where there are almost no nutrients to stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 under normal situations. Thus, a dietary strategy to sustain the release of GLP-1 was proposed, and the slow digestion property and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity of food components, approaches to reduce the rate of food digestion, and mechanisms to sustain the release of GLP-1 were reviewed. A slow digestionoriented dietary approach through encapsulation of nutrients, incorporation of viscous dietary fibers, and enzyme inhibitors of phytochemicals in a designed whole food matrix will be implemented to efficiently reduce the digestion rate of food nutrients, potentiate their distal deposition and a sustained secretion of GLP-1, which will be beneficial to improved glucose homeostasis and health.

Slowly Digestible Carbohydrate Diet Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in High-Fat Diet/Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

“…Recently, growing evidence revealed that low glycaemic index (GI)/glycaemic load (GL) dietary patterns might be especially helpful for the management of diabetes (29). A slow digestionoriented dietary approach might be beneficial for improving glucose homeostasis (30). SDC is typically found in low GI/GL foods and induces a low glycemic response (31).…”

Obese Individuals With and Without Phlegm-Dampness Constitution Show Different Gut Microbial Composition Associated With Risk of Metabolic Disorders

“…Prevotella was positively correlated with mineral absorption ( Figure S4 ; Additional File 2: Supplementary Table S6 ). Minerals, carbohydrates, and proteins are food nutrients, and they are the main stimulators of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which over production can disrupt glucose homeostasis ( Qin et al., 2021 ). The lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins pathways, which were significantly enriched in PDCs, are recognized pro-inflammatory factors that disrupt the intestinal barrier and cause metabolic disturbances ( Fabbiano et al., 2018 ); however, they are negatively correlated with bacteria enriched in PDCs and positively correlated with bacteria reduced in PDCs.…”

Christensenella regulated by Huang-Qi-Ling-Hua-San is a key factor by which to improve type 2 diabetes

“…Our results indicate that Christensenella reduces oxidative stress in diabetes by regulating the levels of antioxidant enzymes and MDA. Generally, the ability of intestinal bacteria to improve diabetes works through the intestinal tract, where enteroendocrine L-cells secrete GLP-1, encoded by the proglucagon gene (GCG), stimulating insulin secretion and regulating glucose homeostasis ( Taşçı and Bingöl, 2018 ; Qin et al, 2021 ). The increased serum GLP-1 and GCG expression suggests that Christensenella intervention promotes GLP-1 secretion ( Figures 5D , G ).…”