Skin ageing

Abstract

Cutaneous ageing manifests itself as a progressive reduction in maximum function and reserve capacity of skin tissue. It is not a unique and uniform biological event. Skin comprises three layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Collagen atrophy is a major factor in skin ageing. There is a strong correlation between skin collagen loss and estrogen deficiency due to the menopause. Skin ageing, especially in the face, is associated with a progressive increase in extensibility and a reduction in elasticity. With increasing age, the skin also becomes more fragile and susceptible to trauma, leading to more lacerations and bruising. Furthermore, wound healing is impaired in older women. Estrogen use after the menopause increases collagen content, dermal thickness and elasticity, and it decreases the likelihood of senile dry skin. Large-scale clinical trials are necessary to help make informed recommendations regarding postmenopausal estrogen use and its role in the prevention of skin ageing.

Effect of Porcine Placental Extract on Collagen Production in Human Skin Fibroblasts In Vitro

“…Constitutive assemblies are principally initiated by growth factors and hormones such as estrogen [28]. The decline of dermal collagen content after menopause is a major factor in the appearance of wrinkling [18]. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between skin collagen loss and estrogen deficiency during climacteric, which also suggests that estrogen deficiency may be involved in the decrease of skin collagen, leading to skin wrinkling in post-menopausal women [18,19].…”

“…The decline of dermal collagen content after menopause is a major factor in the appearance of wrinkling [18]. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between skin collagen loss and estrogen deficiency during climacteric, which also suggests that estrogen deficiency may be involved in the decrease of skin collagen, leading to skin wrinkling in post-menopausal women [18,19]. Our recent study demonstrated that women treated with hormone replacement therapy show a significant decrease of the width of wrinkles compared with that of untreated women [29].…”

“…Wrinkles are caused by aging, genetics, and environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, as well as smoking and estrogen deficiency [15][16][17][18][19]. Among these factors, the severity of wrinkles correlates strongly with age.…”

“…Among these factors, the severity of wrinkles correlates strongly with age. As human skin ages, it becomes thin and shows a decrease in elasticity, glycosamino glycans, and collagen [18,[20][21][22][23].…”

Introduction to skin aging

“…114, 115 There is also a relationship between estrogen deprivation and degenerative changes of dermal elastic tissue. 116, 117 There is some evidence M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D …”