SixTrack Version 5: Status and New Developments

Maria, Riccardo De; Andersson, Joel; Olsen, V. K. Berglyd; Field, Laurence; Giovannozzi, M.; Hermes, Pascal; Høimyr, Nils; Iadarola, Giovanni; Kostoglou, Sofia; Maclean, Ewen; McIntosh, E.; Mereghetti, Alessio; Molson, James; Pellegrini, Dario; Persson, Tobias; Schwinzerl, Martin; Dalena, B.; Pugnat, T.; Zacharov, I.; Sjøbak, Kyrre

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1350/1/012129

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The general methodology for collimation simulations was inspired from the LHC collimation studies. For the LHC, the most common software for collimation simulations is SixTrack [23,24] in combination with a scattering routine for collimator interactions [7,25]. The scattering routine can be a built-in one such as K2 [26] and Merlin [27], or a coupling to a Monte Carlo particle-matter interaction package such as FLUKA [28,29] and Geant4 [30][31][32].…”

Section: Software Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Abramov,

Broggi,

Bruce

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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The collimation system of the Future Circular Collider, operating with leptons (FCC-ee), must protect not only the experiments against backgrounds, but also the machine itself from beam losses. With a 17.8 MJ stored energy of the electron and positron beams, they are highly destructive, and beam losses risk to cause damage or a quench of superconducting elements. Accurate collimation simulation tools and models are needed to design the collimation system and optimize the collimation performance, including magnetic tracking, synchrotron radiation and optics tapering, as well as particle-matter interactions. As no existing code was found that incorporated all these features, a new simulation software tool has been developed. The tool is based on an interface between a particle tracking engine, pyAT or Xtrack, and a Monte-Carlo particle-matter interaction engine for collimator scattering, BDSIM, which is based on Geant4. Results from a simulation of edge scattering from a beam halo collimator in the FCC-ee are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the tool.

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Section: Software Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Abramov,

Broggi,

Bruce

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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“…By and large, the large scale GEN, SIM, DIGI, RECO production workloads of the four LHC experiments are not yet ready [41] to be moved from traditional WLCG x86 resources to GPUs, but we should be ready to benchmark these resources when this happens. Within the HEP-Benchmarks project, a new hep-workloads-GPU package has therefore been added, to prototype the benchmarking of GPU workloads, including a software workload from the LHC accelerator domain, SixTrack [42]. Work is also in progress to integrate a prototype of the CMS RECO workload on heterogeneous resources [43].…”

Section: Outlook: Gpus and Non-x86 Cpu Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using HEP experiment workflows for the benchmarking and accounting of WLCG computing resources

et al. 2020

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Benchmarking of CPU resources in WLCG has been based on the HEP-SPEC06 (HS06) suite for over a decade. It has recently become clear that HS06, which is based on real applications from non-HEP domains, no longer describes typical HEP workloads. The aim of the HEP-Benchmarks project is to develop a new benchmark suite for WLCG compute resources, based on real applications from the LHC experiments. By construction, these new benchmarks are thus guaranteed to have a score highly correlated to the throughputs of HEP applications, and a CPU usage pattern similar to theirs. Linux containers and the CernVM-FS filesystem are the two main technologies enabling this approach, which had been considered impossible in the past. In this paper, we review the motivation, implementation and outlook of the new benchmark suite.

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“…Significant progress has been made in the past years to improve the accuracy of the heavy-ion collimation simulation tools. In this paper, a new heavy-ion simulation tool developed based on the coupling of the SixTrack tracking code [21,22] and the FLUKA [23,24] Monte-Carlo program, similar to the development of simulation tools for protons [25,26] is presented. In addition, the performance of the LHC collimation system, simulated with the SixTrack-FLUKA coupling tool, is presented and compared to measurements for different scenarios for a better understanding and optimization of losses in the LHC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulations of heavy-ion halo collimation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: benchmark with measurements and cleaning performance evaluation

Fuster-Martínez

2020

Preprint

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Protons and heavy-ion beams at unprecedented energies are brought into collisions in the CERN Large Hadron Collider for high-energy experiments. The LHC multi-stage collimation system is designed to provide protection against regular and abnormal losses in order to reduce the risk of quenches of the superconducting magnets as well as keeping background in the experiments under control. Compared to protons, beam collimation in the heavy-ion runs is more challenging despite the lower stored beam energies, because the efficiency of cleaning with heavy ions has been observed to be two orders of magnitude worse. This is due to the differences in the interaction mechanisms between the beams and the collimators. Ion beams experience fragmentation and electromagnetic dissociation at the collimators that result in a substantial flux of off-rigidity particles that escape the collimation system. These out-scattered nuclei might be lost around the ring, eventually imposing a limit on the maximum achievable stored beam energy. The more stringent limit comes from potential quenches of superconducting magnets. Accurate simulation tools are crucial in order to understand and control these losses. A new simulation framework has been developed for heavy-ion collimation based on the coupling of the SixTrack tracking code, which has been extended to track arbitrary heavy-ion species, and the FLUKA Monte Carlo code that models the electromagnetic and nuclear interactions of the heavy-ions with the nuclei of the collimator material. In this paper, the functionality of the new simulation tool is described. Furthermore, SixTrack-FLUKA coupling simulations are presented and compared with measurements done with 208 Pb 82+ ions in the LHC. The agreement between simulations and measurements is discussed and the results are used to understand and optimise losses. The simulation tool is also applied to predict the performance of the collimation system for the High-Luminosity LHC. Based on the simulation results and the experience gained in past heavy-ion runs, some conclusions are presented. * Work partially supported by the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider project.

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SixTrack Version 5: Status and New Developments

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Using HEP experiment workflows for the benchmarking and accounting of WLCG computing resources

Simulations of heavy-ion halo collimation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: benchmark with measurements and cleaning performance evaluation

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