In this paper we give a first baseline of the interaction region. We discuss the main motivations that lead us to choose the technology, the combination of fields/gradients and lengths, the apertures, the quantity of superconductor, and the operational margin. Key elements are also the constraints given by the energy deposition in terms of heat load and radiation damage; we present the main features related to shielding and heat removal.
Magnetic fields used to control particle beams in accelerators are usually controlled by regulating the electrical current of the power converters. In order to minimize lifetime degradation and ultimately luminosity loss in circular colliders, current-noise is a highly critical figure of merit of power converters, in particular for magnets located in areas with high beta-function, like the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) insertions. However, what is directly acting upon the beam is the magnetic field and not the current of the power converter, which undergoes several frequency-dependent transformations until the desired magnetic field, seen by the beam, is obtained. Beam screens are very rarely considered when assessing or specifying the noise figure of merit, but their magnetic frequency response is such that they realize relatively effective low pass filtering of the magnetic field produced by the system magnet-power converter. This work aims at filling this gap by quantifying the expected impact of different beam screen layouts for the most relevant HL-LHC insertion magnets. A well-defined postprocessing technique is used to derive the frequency response of the different multipoles from multiphysics finite element method (FEM) simulation results. In addition, a wellapproximated analytical formula for the low-frequency range of multi-layered beam screens is presented.
This paper discusses measurements on the stabilization of single bunches with second order chromaticity (Q 00) in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Q 00 introduces an incoherent betatron tune spread which can produce Landau damping of transverse instabilities. Although the resulting stabilizing effect is similar to that provided by Landau octupoles, the underlying beam dynamics are different. Since the tune spread from Q 00 is based on the longitudinal rather than the transverse action of the particles, it will not be affected by the smaller transverse emittance beams of future machines, such as the High Luminosity LHC or the Future Circular Collider, and may hence provide more efficient Landau damping than magnetic octupoles. This study serves as a proof-of-principle experiment to demonstrate Landau damping from detuning with longitudinal action by means of Q 00 in a carefully prepared and well-understood accelerator environment. The agreement between measurements and PyHEADTAIL tracking simulations shows that Q 00 indeed contributes to the beam stability, that the numerical model of the LHC is accurate, and that the involved beam dynamics mechanisms are understood from both the single-and multiparticle effects points of view. The results also serve as a first experimental validation of the recently proposed radio frequency quadrupole for Landau damping.
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