“…24–26 In addition, the diffraction peaks become broader as the number of bending cycles increases. So as to compare the grain sizes, we calculated the grain size by means of the Scherrer formula: 27 D hkl = 0.943 λ /( β cos θ )where D hkl , λ , β , and θ represent the grain size, the X-ray wavelength (0.1540 nm), the half-height width of the diffraction peak, and the Bragg diffraction angle, respectively. The grain sizes of the flat, bending-5000, and bending-10 000 films after annealing were 13.194, 12.512, and 9.824 nm, respectively.…”