“…Recent developments, largely in Europe, involve subtitlers using speech recognition software to generate the captions by listening to the programme and respeaking subtitle content (usually a condensed representation). Respeaking can be considered a variation of shadowing: a paced, auditory tracking task involving immediate vocalization of auditory stimuli in the same language, using word-for-word repetition (Boulianne et al, 2010;Lambert, 1989). Respeaking, however, does not exclusively rely on word-for-word repetition (Arumí Ribas & Romero-Fresco, 2008).…”