Simultaneous determination of ranitidine and metronidazole in pharmaceutical formulations at poly(chromotrope 2B) modified activated glassy carbon electrodes

Abstract

A simple and sensitive electrochemical method for the simultaneous and quantitative detection of ranitidine (RT) and metronidazole (MT) was developed, based on a poly(chromotrope 2B) modified activated glassy carbon electrode (PCHAGCE). The PCHAGCE showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of both RT and MT in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0). The peak-to-peak separations for the simultaneous detection of RT and MT between the two reduction waves in cyclic voltammetry were increased significantly from ∼0.1 V at activated GCE, to ∼0.55 V at PCHAGCE. By differential pulse voltammetry techniques, the reduction peak currents of RT and MT were both linear over the range of 1.0 × 10-4.0×10 mol/L. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 5.4 × 10 mol/L and 3.3 × 10 mol/L for RT and MT, respectively. The modified electrode was successfully applied to the determination of RT and MT in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum as real samples with stable and reliable recovery data.

A highly sensitive metronidazole sensor based on a Pt nanospheres/polyfurfural film modified electrode

“…The detection limit for metronidazole was 50 nmol dm À3 (S/N ¼ 3). Moreover, the Pt nanospheres/polyfurfural lm/GCE showed a wider linear range and a lower detection limits compared with the reported electrochemical sensors 48,49,[52][53][54][55][56][57] which were shown in Table 1.…”

Enhanced amperometric detection of metronidazole in drug formulations and urine samples based on chitosan protected tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine thin-film modified glassy carbon electrode

“…Nitro group derivatives corresponds to reduction of nitro group (R-NO) to form hydroxylamine (RNHOH), involving 4 electrons and 4 protons followed by a two-electron reduction of hydroxylamine to amine. However, metronidazole shows weakly basic (or strong acid) properties at pH values higher than 8, a decrease in protonation of hydroxylamine with increasing pH [54]. The redox electrochemical mechanism of metronidazole is shown in Fig.…”

Sensitive and Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol in Water Using an Anodized Glassy Carbon Electrode with Polymerized 2-(Phenylazo) Chromotropic Acid

“…Especially, CPs are preferential in view of their easy preparation and surface homogeneity as well as good reproducibility and stability [24]. Azobenzene compounds that consist of the azo group (− N=N− ) and large π-conjugated ring system have been adopted to prepare CPs for the detection of biomolecules such as dopamine [25,26]. Nevertheless, the electrochemical ability raised by the functional groups demands extensive investigation.…”