Simultaneous determination of carbazole-based explosives in environmental waters by dispersive liquid—liquid microextraction coupled to HPLC with UV-Vis detection

Abstract

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a rapid, simple and efficient method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-UV-Vis detection was used for sample preparation and subsequent determination of carbazole, tri nitro carbazole (TrNC) and tetra nitro carbazole in water samples. The influence of several important variables on the extraction efficiency has been evaluated. The methods works best with chloroform as an extractant and acetonitrile as the dispersive solvent. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve is linear in the range from 0.007 to 1.75 μg mL −1 for TNC, 0.006 to 1.52 μg mL −1 for TrNC, and 0.008-2.10 μg mL −1 for carbazole. The limits of detection (LODs;at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3), range from 1.7 to 1.1 ng mL −1 , for TNC, TrNC and carbazole. Also, the relative standard deviations (RSD, n 06) for the extraction of TNC (at 174 ng mL −1 ), TrNC (at 151 ng mL −1 ) and carbazole (at 84 ng mL −1 ) vary between 4.1 and 5.2%. The enrichment factors range from 179 to 186. The method was successfully applied to the determination of TNC, TrNC and carbazole in environmental samples.

Solvent-vapor-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction: A novel method for the determination of phthalate esters in aqueous samples using GC-MS

“…There has been a growing tendency among researchers towards the development of efficient, cost‐effective and miniaturized sample preparation methods with high enrichment factors in recent years. Recently, a new liquid–liquid microextraction (LLME) method, namely, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been successfully applied to extract of hydrophobic analytes from various samples . The technique is based on a three‐component solvent (usually water as sample solvent, dispersive solvent and extracting solvent) system.…”

UV-vis spectrophotometric determination of trinitrotoluene (TNT) with trioctylmethylammonium chloride as ion pair assisted and disperser agent after dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

“…To date, DLLME has been widely applied for the determination of metal ions, pesticides, organic and inorganic environmental contaminants and pharmaceuticals in various matrices [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

The effects of the crosslinking position and degree of conjugation in perylene tetraanhydride bisimide microporous polymers on fluorescence sensing performance

“…The determination of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) has increased rapidly over the years because of its signicance in environment, national defense, and public safety. [1][2][3][4][5][6] There are some techniques and devices used for detecting NACs, such as metal detectors, trained canines, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 7 electrochemical methods, 8,9 ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS), 10 high performance liquid chromatography, 11 quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), colorimetry, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). 6,12 Fluorescence detection methods have emerged as one of the most promising approaches because of the quick response time, moderate price, high sensitivity and selectivity, simple operation, and portability for on-site testing.…”